People's life and employment after agricultural land acquisition in Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province
PEOPLE'S LIFE AND EMPLOYMENT AFTER
AGRICULTURAL LAND ACQUISITION IN YEN PHONG DISTRICT,
BAC NINH PROVINCE
Ph.D Pham Phuong Nam
Faculty of Land Management, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Phone: 0918.173.686
Email: ppnam@vnua.edu.vn
Abstract
This study aims to assess the status of life and employment of people whose
agricultural land is acquired in Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province as a basis for
proposing some solutions to the life and employment of people whose land is acquired
more improved. Secondary data on land acquisition, natural conditions, socio-
economic conditions in the study area were collected in the departments of Yen Phong
district. Households whose land was acquired were divided into 03 groups.
Household group I consists of households that have been acquired less than 30% of
the total area of agricultural land currently in use; Household group II consists of
households that have been acquired with 30% to 70% of the total area of agricultural
land currently in use; Household group III includes households who have been
acquired over 70% of the total agricultural land area in use. For each group of
research households, 45 households were randomly surveyed. After land acquisition,
the life and employment of people whose land is acquired are mainly better. However,
some people after land acquisition are still in lack of jobs, unsecured incomes; there
are many social evils, dust pollution; garbage has not been collected. Solutions to
overcome these problems include guiding households to effectively use compensation
and support money; planning to train and change jobs; invest in building additional
apartments for employees; doing better environmental sanitation.
Keywords: Acquisition, Agricultural Land, Employment, Life, Yen Phong
1. Introduction
In the process of industrialization and urbanization, land acquisition for socio-
economic development for national and public interests is inevitable, including
agricultural land acquisition. This makes many households with all their land acquired
or a part of agricultural production land have to change their careers or seek other jobs
outside agriculture (Nguyen Van Suu, 2009). This is not an easy problem for many
households and individuals whose agricultural land has been acquired due to their limited
412
qualifications, lack of appropriate vocational training, high age or psychological fear of
changing jobs (Bui Ngoc Thanh, 2009). Besides, the acquisition of agricultural land also
brings a great income for many households and individuals up to several hundred million
VND that change their life but may also include some social evils loss of security and
social order. In addition, some localities after land acquisition, many factories and
enterprises have been built with a sudden increase in workers affecting security, order
and living environment (Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh et al., 2013).
Like the whole country, Bac Ninh province is in the process of urbanization
and strives to become a provincial city by the year 2022, so it will recover land and
mainly agricultural land for socio-economic development in recent years. This is the
largest and most concentrated in Yen Phong district. Specifically, 658.0 hectares of
land have been acquired for Yen Phong industrial zone construction and 51.6 hectares
for construction of an urban area to ensure accommodation for workers and
professionals working in industrial parks and hundreds ha of agricultural land for
construction of transportation, communication, electricity, water supply and other
public works (Bac Ninh Department of Natural Resources and Environment, 2018).
Therefore, the issue of ensuring life and employment for the objects of land acquisition
is a big issue that needs to be addressed in order to ensure people's life, employment
and income as well as ensuring security and security. social self. The study aims to
answer the questions about how employment, income, life, society and environment of
people whose agricultural land is acquired change? There should be solutions to
overcome the limitations and negatives of land acquisition so that people whose land
is acquired have better income and life and environment before land acquisition.
2. Method
Life and employment assessment after land acquisition has some studies that
focused on assessing the livelihoods of people whose land was acquired and taking
livelihood approaches (Le Thanh Son & Tran Tien Khai, 2016), (Chamber, R. and
R.Conway, G., 1991). Some authors focused on analyzing and evaluating social
capital, human capital, physical capital, natural capital, financial capital (Minot, N. et
al., 2006) but they have not clearly defined capital sources, overlapping capital
sources, difficult to be assessed. Therefore, in this study, the author focuses on a
number of key criteria to assess the changes in life and employment of people whose
agricultural land is acquired, including criteria for labor structure and revenue
structure, total income, housing quality, equipment, facilities, infrastructure, security,
order and environment.
Secondary data on land acquisition, natural conditions, socio-economic
conditions in the study area were collected at the Division of Natural Resources and
413
Environment, Yen Phong District Statistical Office. Study on the distribution of
households whose land is acquired into 03 groups in accordance with the land law
(Government, 2014). Households whose land was acquired were divided into 03
groups. Household group I consists of households that have been acquired less than
30% of the total area of agricultural land currently in use; Household group II consists
of households that have been acquired with 30% to 70% of the total area of
agricultural land currently in use; Household group III includes households who have
been acquired over 70% of the total agricultural land area in use. For each group of
research households, 45 households were randomly surveyed in November and
December 2018 (02 years after land acquisition). Investigation criteria consist of
changes in life, employment, income, society and environment of the subjects after
land acquisition. The survey information includes name, age, address, educational
level, number of participants of each household in production, business, translation
and income levels, purpose of using compensation money, support, changes in
housing, equipment, facilities, infrastructure, security, order, living environment...
Collected data is processed by Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Comparison method is
used to evaluate changes in income, employment structure, social issues, environment
before and after land acquisition.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Assessing life and employment of people whose agricultural land is acquired
3.1.1. Overview of natural conditions, socio-economy of Yen Phong district,
Bac Ninh province
Yen Phong district center (Cho town) is 15 km from Bac Ninh town to the
East; 29 km from Hanoi Capital to the Southwest, 8 km from National Highway 1A
to the South, National Highway 18 runs through 15 km to Noi Bai International
Airport to the West, 115 km from Hai Phong Port to the South, Highway 18
connecting Dong Anh export processing zone and Noi Bai international airport with
Quang Ninh industrial and tourist zone runs through Yen Phong from West to East;
Highway 3B Hanoi-Thai Nguyen, along with Road 295, Road 286, the road network
of Yen Phong has many favorable conditions in the exchange, economic, cultural and
social integration with the regions in and outside the province and internationally.
Yen Phong has a natural area of 112.5 km², a large area of Bac Ninh province,
a population of 171,592 people, accounting for 14.08% of the provincial population,
(of which men: 79,786 people and women: 91,806) people) (Department of Natural
Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province, 2018). Yen Phong has 14
administrative units (01 town and 13 communes). Yen Phong is developing economy
with many industrial parks. The situation of developing such industrial parks greatly
414
affects the life of farmers. Because they can hardly catch up with the process of
industrialization and urbanization. Yen Phong district has formed a number of new
urban areas such as Yen Phong urban area, Cho Urban town...
3.1.2. Acquisition of agricultural land and employment, income of people
whose agricultural land is acquired in Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province
In 10 years (2007-2016), the district has acquired 856.4 hectares of agricultural
land of 2745 households and concentrated mainly in Dong Phong, Long Chau and
Yen Trung communes because these communes are affected of land acquisition for
construction of Yen Phong Industrial Zone and construction of works for the
Industrial Park. Among households whose agricultural land is acquired, 625
households have been acquired with an area of less than 30% of the total agricultural
land area being used, 463 households have been acquired with an area ratio greater
than 30% and less than 70% of total agricultural land area is being used, 1659
households are acquired with an area of more than 70% of the total agricultural land
area being used.
The vast majority of households have their agricultural land acquired with the
main source of income from agricultural production, a small part with additional
income from non-agricultural production (construction, mechanics, agricultural
product processing, and production, handicraft production...) and from commercial
and service activities (trade, hair cutting, skin care, transportation, real estate
brokerage...). Specifically, the proportion of workers engaged in non-agricultural
production is 24.25% of the total agricultural production and income accounts for
36.21% of the total income of a person; the proportion of workers participating in
trade and service activities is 11.55% of the total agricultural production and income
accounts for 21.89% of the total income of a population.
3.1.3. General characteristics of the surveyed households
The survey results in Table 1 show that the average number of members of the
household groups is approximately equal (from 5.3 to 5.7 people per household). The
average working age is above 45 and below 50 with the primary education rate
accounting for the majority, the highest is Group I with 45.5% of the total number of
people in the group. After the acquisition of agricultural land, the number of
agricultural workers in each of the three groups decreased and decreased the most for
Group III (1.3 persons / household), whereas the number of non-agricultural workers
increased sharply with 2 times (from 1.6 people/household to 3.2 people/household)
because this group of households has been acquired agricultural land with a ratio of
over 70% and the remaining agricultural land area is not enough to ensure life for in
addition, households in this group have received a large amount of compensation for
415
land, assets attached to land and support for life stabilization, job search, and job
conversion. to participate in non-agricultural labor.
3.1.4. Fluctuation of agricultural land and labor structure, income
Before land acquisition, the average agricultural land area of a household in
different groups was not large (from 2345.3-2874.5 ha) but after the land acquisition,
there was a marked change. The remaining average agricultural land area of a
household in the lowest group III 390.9 m2 is about 4.5 times smaller than the
remaining average agricultural land area of a group I household (Table 2). This forces
group III households to look for new jobs to ensure their members' life because the
remaining agricultural land cannot guarantee income to meet the needs of their
households. Many households in group III due to the remaining agricultural land are
too small to be transferred or leased, lent this area and transferred to non-agricultural
labor such as masons, mechanics, transport, repair and translation. motel, hotel,
beauty care, real estate brokerage...
Table 1. Basic Characteristics of Households
Household Group
Criteria
Unit
Group I Group II Group III
Average number of people
Average working age
Educational level
people
5,5
5,3
5,7
year old
45,3
48,4
46,4
Primary school
%
%
%
45,5
22,0
32,5
43,7
29,6
26,7
35,7
29,6
34,7
Secondary school
High School
Labor before land acquisition
Agricultural labor
people/household 2,3
people/household 1,4
2,1
1,7
2,2
1,6
Non-agricultural labor
Labor after land acquisition
Agricultural labor
people/household 1,1
people/household 2,2
1,2
2,5
0,9
3,2
Non-agricultural labor
Changes in labor structure of households after land acquisition towards
reducing the rate of agricultural labor and increasing the rate of non-agricultural
labor. Before land acquisition, all households participated in agricultural
production (Table 3) but after land acquisition, many households did not
participate in agricultural production and switched to non-agricultural or
commercial production.
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Table 2. Changes in Average Agricultural Land Area of Household Groups
Area before
acquisition (m2 /
household)
Area after
acquisition (m2 /
household)
Acquired
area (m2 /
household)
Acquired
area ratio
(%)
Groups
Group I
2345,3
2543,6
2874,5
1740,2
1172,6
390,9
605,1
25,8
Group II
Group III
1371,0
2483,6
53,9
86,4
After land acquisition, the number of households continuing to produce
agriculture is clear, especially for group III (only 3/45, accounting for 6.67% of
the total households). The number of households participating in non-agricultural
production belongs to the lowest group (only 7/45 households, accounting for
15.56% of the total households of the group) before land acquisition, but after the
land acquisition, the number of households participating in production the largest
non-agricultural (34/45, accounting for 75, 56% of the total number of households
in the group). Regarding trade and service activities, group III has the most
households participating (21/45 households, accounting for 46.67% of the total
households of the group).
Table 3. Fluctuation of Labor Structure of Household Groups
Unit: household
AP
NAP
TAS
before
land
After
land
After
land
After
land
Groups
Group I
before land
before land
acquisiti acquisiti acquisition acquisiti acquisition acquisiti
on on on on
45
32
17
3
11
15
7
12
20
34
5
9
Group II 45
Group III 45
13
9
18
21
Symbol: AP - Agricultural production, NAP - non-agricultural production,
TAS - trade and services
Figure 1 shows that, after land acquisition, labor involved in agricultural
production of group I was the largest; labor is the largest in agricultural production
and trade, the group III is the largest due to the main reason is the percentage of
agricultural land acquired over 70%, the remaining land area is small, even
households are not agricultural land has been acquired 100% of agricultural land.
417
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Group I
Group II
Group III
0
before land After land before land After land before land After land
recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery
AP
NAP
TAS
Symbol: AP - Agricultural production, NAP - non-agricultural production, TAS -
trade and services
Figure 1. Chart of labor structure fluctuation
Table 4 shows that the total income of a person in a month belongs to groups
of households increased compared to income before land acquisition with different
revenue structure and increase for each household group. Income from agricultural
production of groups decreased but income from non-agricultural, commercial and
service production increased and increased the most for group III.
Table 4. Income of Household Groups
Unit: million VND/person/month
Before Land Acquisition
NAP TAS Sum
2,0 1,1 3,6
After Land Acquisition
NAP TAS
2,5 1,3
Groups
Group I
AP
0,5
AP
0,3
Sum
4,1
Group II 0,8
Group III 0,7
2,5
1,2
1,0
1,4
4,3
3,3
0,2
0,1
3,5
3,4
1,7
2,8
5,4
6,3
Symbol: AP - Agricultural production, NAP - non-agricultural production, TAS -
trade and services
418
Figure 2 shows that the average income of individuals in group II was highest
with 6.3 million. VND / month but after the land acquisition, the average income of
individuals belongs to group III with the highest of 7.4 million. VND / month. One
of the reasons for the increase in per capita income of group III is because many
households receive large amounts of compensation and support that have been
invested simultaneously in both non-agricultural and commercial production and
services. There are many sources of income and quite high such as mechanical
engineering, trading, motel services, hotels, real estate brokerage, real estate business,
property pledge. However, some people after the land acquisition have reduced
income due to their high age, have not received vocational training, so they only have
income from agricultural production with small arable land and difficult farming
conditions. and only one crop a year. These people often have to receive support from
relatives. According to the survey, people who easily change careers are usually
between the ages of 20 and 30 years old because they often have high school
education, health, and quickly acquire professional knowledge to meet requirements.
of companies, especially foreign companies in industrial parks.
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Group I
Group II
Group III
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
AP
NAP
TAS
Sum
AP
NAP
TAS
Sum
Before Land Acquisition
After Land Acquisition
Symbol: AP - Agricultural production, NAP - non-agricultural production, TAS -
trade and services
Figure 2. Chart of Changes in Income Sources
419
3.1.5. Change in housing quality, furniture, infrastructure, security, order and environment
According to the survey results, over 53% of all respondents in all 3
groups said that the quality of houses of households with better land acquisition
before land acquisition due to using a part of the compensation often, support to
expand the floor area, upgrade the house, change the structure or demolish the
level IV house to build a higher level house. However, from 22.22% to 28.89%
of interviewed respondents from different groups said that their housing quality
did not change because they did not renovate their houses because their houses
were still good and meet the demand for use. Besides, there are 11.11% of people
in Group I, Group II and 2.22% of people in Group III (Table 5) think that their
housing quality is worse than before land acquisition due to selling existing
houses. have to buy houses of lower quality to have money to pay debts because
gambling, lottery when there is compensation, support.
Table 5. Assessment of Housing Quality after Land Acquisition
Better
Constant
Worse
Groups
Households Ratio (%) Households Ratio (%) Households Ratio (%)
Group I
30
24
31
66,67
53,33
68,89
10
16
13
22,22
35,56
28,89
5
5
1
11,11
11,11
2,22
Group II
Group III
According to the survey results, after receiving compensation, the majority of
households have used a part of compensation, support to save money, investment in
production, non-agricultural business, housing and renovation. private for studying,
changing jobs of members and purchasing equipment and facilities for life. Therefore,
over 57% of households said that the quality of personal equipment and facilities after
land acquisition was better due to the purchase of new and better facilities and
equipment, especially some households. bought a car, a truck for life and business.
Apart from households who believe that the quality of personal equipment and
facilities after land acquisition has not changed, there are also a few households in
Group I and Group II (5/45 households, accounting for 11.11%) and only 01
household In group III, it is assumed that the quality of personal equipment and
facilities after land acquisition is due to the sale of their equipment and facilities or
to buy other equipment and facilities with lower quality to have good payment for
debt and other personal purposes.
420
Table 6. Assessing Quality of Personal Equipment
and Facilities after Land Acquisition
Better
Constant
Worse
Groups
Households Ratio (%) Households Ratio (%) Households Ratio (%)
Group I
26
29
32
57,78
64,44
71,11
15
14
10
33,33
31,11
22,22
4
2
3
8,89
4,44
6,67
Group II
Group III
Land acquisition in Yen Phong district serves socio-economic development,
so with the construction of infrastructure systems including transport and lighting
systems, it has been upgraded, renovated and built the latest near Yen Phong
industrial zone that makes the residential areas change markedly. The villages before
the land acquisition were inconveniently connecting with Bac Ninh city and
neighboring areas. But, now there are many new roads which have been built,
expanded and the quality of the road surface is higher. Housing areas for workers are
also newly built with beautiful and modern landscapes along with social
infrastructure works to directly serve workers and experts.
In terms of security and order, over 65% of all households belong to groups
think that it is worse than before land acquisition (Table 7) due to land acquisition
mainly developing industrial parks and serving non-agricultural production. so the
number of settlers in the area increased dramatically, the previous peace was broken.
Especially, there are many cases related to social evils such as silverware,
prostitution, drug addiction occurring in the area or large complaints related to land
acquisition because people disagree with the method. compensation, support and
resettlement projects.
Table 7. Assessment of Infrastructure, Security, Order and Environment after
Land Acquisition
Infrastructure
Security and order
Environment
Groups
Better Constant Worse Better Constant Worse Better Constant Worse
Group I
83,4 12,1
4,5
3,0
2,5
3,7
1,2
1,3
30,6
31,9
28,2
65,7
66,9
70,5
76,4 21,4
82,6 14,6
75,3 21,5
2,2
2,8
3,2
Group II 87,6 9,4
Group III 88,1 9,4
Regarding the environment, there are over 70% of households (Table 7) think
that it is better to recover land because they have been invested with a common drainage
system for residential areas. Stagnant causing unsanitary living environment. Besides,
domestic waste is collected regularly so the living environment is also better. Even so,
421
due to the amount of shuttle bus workers produce continuously 3 shifts in a big day, the
emissions of cars and dirt and noise also affect the health of people.
3.2. Some solutions to overcome shortcomings and limitations after
agricultural land acquisition
In order for the life and employment of people whose agricultural land to be
acquired better and more stable, agencies and agencies need to guide households to
effectively use compensation and support to avoid using money to participate in the
society's vices. In addition, it is necessary to have a plan to train and change jobs
based on labor recruitment demand of factories and enterprises in the area, as well as
industries with future development such as refrigeration and repair. Car repair,
mechanical, construction, beauty services or domestic help. For those over 45 years
of age, limited qualifications can also be arranged for car maintenance, protection and
other suitable work. In order for the living environment to be better, it is necessary to
limit the number of shuttle bus workers working in the enterprises by investing in the
construction of additional apartment blocks for workers to ensure a good
accommodation with the public. Social presentation such as preschools, schools,
hospitals and play areas near the workplace for workers to hire. In addition, it is
necessary to do better the collection of waste, frequent road cleaning, increasing the
area of greenery in new residential areas.
4. Conclusion
After the acquisition of agricultural land for socio-economic development in
Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh province, the life and jobs of people whose land is
acquired have changed markedly. The rate of agricultural labor decreases, the
proportion of non-agricultural workers increases and increases the most for
households in group III. The total income of households also increased. Life of people
whose land is acquired is better than before land acquisition. However, some people,
after being acquired, are still unemployed. Their income is not guaranteed due to their
limited level of education, high age, and difficulties to find new jobs. In addition,
there are many social evils and dust pollution due to workers' shuttle cars and garbage
that have not been collected. For the life and employment of people whose
agricultural land is acquired better and more stable, agencies and agencies need to
guide households to effectively use compensation and support; planning to train and
change jobs; invest in additional construction of apartment buildings for employees
to ensure good accommodation with social works for workers to hire and doing better
environmental sanitation.
422
5. References
1. Chamber, R. and R.Conway, G. (1991). Sustainable rural livelihoods:
practical concepts for the 21st century.
2. Minot, N., Epprecht, M., Anh, T.T.T. and Trung, L.Q., (2006). Income
Diversification and Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. Washington
DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
3. Chamber, R. and R.Conway, G. (1991). Sustainable rural livelihoods:
practical concepts for the 21st century.
4. Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province
(2018). Report on land management in Bac Ninh province.
5. Government (2014). Decree No. 47/2014/ND-CP dated May 15, 2014 regulating
compensation, support and resettlement when the State acquires land.
6. Le Thanh Son & Tran Tien Khai (2016). Impact of rural land acquisition on
income of people in Vinh Thach district, Can Tho city: The case of the Thach My
residential area project. Science Journal of Can Tho University, 42 (2016).
7. Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Nguyen Thanh Tra, Ho Lam Lam Exam (2013).
Effect of agricultural land acquisition on the life and employment of farmers
in Van Lam district, Hung Yen province. Journal of Science and Development
2013, Episode 11, No. 1.
8. Nguyen Van Suu (2009). Industrialization and Urbanization in Vietnam: How
Appropriation of Agricultural Land Use Rights Transformed Farmers’
Livelihoods in a Peri-Urban Hanoi Village? Final Report of an East Asian
Development Network, working paper, 38, 2009.
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