The current status of production and consumption of dragon fruit in Tien Giang province
Nguyen Thi Hang Nga, Nguyen Tri Khiem/ MICA 2018 Proceedings
International Conference on Marketing in the Connected Age (MICA-2018), October 6th, 2018
Danang City, Vietnam
The Current Status of Production and Consumption of
Dragon Fruit in Tien Giang Province
Nguyen Thi Hang Ngaa*, Nguyen Tri Khiemb
aPhD Student, Can Tho University, Vietnam
bFaculty of Economics, NamCan Tho University, Vietnam
A B S T R A C T
Dragon fruit is one of the fruits that has a rapid growth in Tien Giang province. On 4.5 thousand hectares of
planted area in 2016, Tien Giang supplied to the market about 94 thousand tonnes of dragon fruit. Although
dragon fruit planting has brought profitable outcome to many growers, production and marketing of the fruit
still face unstability in terms of price and marketing. This study was carried out to assess the current status of
production and marketing of dragon fruit in Tien Giang province and propose some solutions to improve the
production and marketing of dragon fruit. The research used the secondary time series data from the Tien
Giang Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, farm cooperatives, and related research papers and
primary data from interviewing farmers, managers and cooperative managers in the production areas. Results
showed that dragon fruit production of Tien Giang province has high economic returns. However, production
of the fruit is still spontaneous, small scale, lacking of linkage to the market and production according to
GlobalGAP/ VietGAP standards is weak and lacking. In order to enhance the dragon fruit production and
consumption efficiency, it is necessary to raise awareness about technical issues, linkages and build GAP
production areas, promote trade promotion.
Keywords: production; consumption; dragon fruit
1. Introduction
Tien Giang is one of the provinces in the Mekong Delta having its agricultural economy depends largely on
crop production. Fruit tree production plays important role in creating income for rural households and foundation
for the stability for socio-economic development of the province. Tien Giang has tropical monsoon climate with
high and stable temperature throughout the year, with soil, climate, hydrography suitable to many tropical crops.
Production of fruit crops in Tien Giang has rapidly expanded in recent years. Dragon fruit is one of the most
rapid expansion in the province. In 2016, the planted area has reached 4494 hectares, with a harvest of 95
thousand tonnes. The fruit is grown in most of the districts, particularly concentrated in Cho Gao district with a
total area of 3872 ha (accounting for 86% of the province's dragon fruit area of the province). Although production
of dragon fruit in Tien Giang province is highly profitable, there are still many difficulties, challenges and risks
such as: (1) lacking connection to market demand and new plantings are spontaneous and expanding at high rate;
(2) production according to Global GAP or VietGAP is still weak; unstable prices. This study analyzes the status
of production and consumption of dragon fruit in Tien Giang province and proposes recommendations to improve
production efficiency and the consumption of dragon fruit in the province and in the Mekong Delta.
2. Methodology
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
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2.1. Data collection methods
Secondary time series data on production and consumption of dragon fruit in Tien Giang Province were
collected from the Tien Giang Province Statistical Yearbook, Tien Giang Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development, cooperatives of fruit growers.
Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews fruit growers, My Tinh fruit crop Cooperative, staffs
of Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Cho Gao district, and staffs of Department of Agriculture
of Tien Giang province by semi-structured questionnaire.
2.2. Analytical methods
Using descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative analysis methods to conduct in-depth interview farmers,
managers on the production situation, advantages and disadvantages of dragon fruit production in the region. The
study then applied the value chain approach of [7], [6], a set of tools for value chain analysis of [12] and
participation of chain actors to assess production and distribution situations of dragon fruit in Cho Gao district,
Tien Giang province, description of dragon fruit value chain, and make suggestion of strategic solutions for
upgrading dragon fruit production and sustainable development of the dragon fruit value chain.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Situation of dragon fruit production in Tien Giang
Dragon fruit (Hydrocereus undatus) is a fruit tree of the cactus family originating in the desert of Mexico and
Colombia. Initially, the fruit was mainly introduced to drought region in Binh Thuan province in the southern
central and sandy mounds in Cho Gao district (Tien Giang province) and Chau Thanh district (Long An province).
The fruit is only been widely known in domestic market and become an export fruit in recent years.
Dragon fruit has become a key export crop, playing an important role in the economy and a source of income
for farmers. The fruit has been exported to markets in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and European Union.
The fruit was introduced to Tien Giang since 1995 with an area of 500 hectares. Up to now, the dragon fruit of
Tien Giang province has about 5000 hectares that ranking third in country in terms of area (after Binh Thuan
province about 24000 hectare and Long An province about 6000 ha). Dragon fruit gives fruit all year round, the
main season is from March to September and the off season is from October to April. The time from flowering to
harvest is from 25 to 28 days. However, the dragon fruit can be anchored on the tree for 10-15 days and fruit
sweetness will increase.
At present, there are about ten thousand farmer households involved in producing, trading and processing of
dragon fruits for export, creating regular employment for 30000-40000 workrers. In addition, the production value
of dragon fruit accounts for an increasing proportion of the cultivation and fruit trees.
Two varieties are usually grown for commercial purposes, white pulp and red pulp dragon fruit. The fruit is
consumed primarily as fresh fruits and considered to have many beneficial effects on health. About 80% of the
dragon fruit production in Vietnam is exported to 39 countries and territories, including the fastidious markets
such as the US, Europe, Japan and Korea. Besides, since dragon fruit has been consumed strongly in the North and
exported to many countries for 10 years, the area of dragon fruit cultivation has expanded rapidly.
In general, the area and output of dragon fruit in the province increased continuously in the period 2012-2016,
the average increase in area of dragon fruit is 19.2%, the highest in 2013 (28.2%), average growth rate of fruit area
was 17%. The annual average yield increase was 26.7% in the period, highest yield increase was 32.2% in 2014.
The average annual productivity increased 8.6%, the highest in 2013 (18.8%) (Table 1).
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Table 1. Dragon fruit production in Tien Giang in the period 2012-2016
Targets
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Average
Planted area (hectare)
Rate of increase (%)
Area for fruit (hectare)
Rate of increase (%)
Production (tonne)
2449
3139
28.2
2364
10.9
56823
31.8
24
4052
22.5
3006
27.2
75109
32.2
25
4494
10.9
3572
18.8
94009
25.2
26.3
5.2
5170
15
3861
19.2
3007
17
2132
43108
20.2
3961
10.9
110431
17.5
75896
26.7
24.7
8.6
Rate of increase (%)
Productivity (tonne/hectare)
Rate of increase (%)
27.9
18.8
4.2
6.1
Source: Tien Giang Statistical Yearbook, 2017
Production costs and profit varies depending on crop seasons. The costs and wholesale price of dragon fruit in
off season are higher than those of main season due to the investment of lighting and electricity. As the rate of
increase in wholesale price was higher than the rate of increase in costs in the off season (85.3% and 72.7%,
respectively) compared to those in main season, the profit of off season was still higher VND 7001/kg than that of
main season (Table 2).
Table 2. Cost and profit of dragon fruit production in 2016
Item
Main season
Off season
Average
Price (VND/kg)
11333
21000
85.3
16167
Rate of increase (%)
Cost (VND/kg)
-
3667
-
6333
72.7
5000
Rate of increase (%)
Profit (VND/kg)
7666
-
14667
91.3
11167
Rate of increase (%)
Source: Farmer in-depth interview results, 2017
The results of in-depth interviews with officials of Cho Gao district and Tien Giang province showed that there
were many support programs for dragon fruit farmers. Project "Dragon fruit development in the province up to
2015" from provincial budget and from ADB source assisted the construction of electricity grid and transformers
for dragon fruit production and preserve dragon fruit in off season, upgrading roads and banks loans to dragon
fruit farmers.
Farmers cooperation and quality control practices in production
There exist farming enterprises and companies to invest in dragon fruit production meeting VietGAP standards
such as dragon fruit farms of Cat Tuong company in Thanh Tan commune, Tan Phuoc district (48 hectares of
VietGAP standard/2 farms), dragon fruit farm of Long Viet limited liability company in Hung Thanh commune,
Tan Phuoc district (15 hectares of VietGAP standard) [1]. Farmers cooperatives and farmers groups producing
and consuming dragon fruit: Luong Phu dragon fruit cooperative - Luong Hoa Lac commune, dragon fruit
cooperative Hung Ngai commune - Dang Hung Phuoc commune, the dragon fruit cooperative of Quon Long
commune and Truong Tho dragon fruit cooperative group
- My Tinh commune. The existing
cooperatives/cooperative groups are mainly in Cho Gao district, other districts have not had
cooperatives/cooperative groups to develop dragon fruit. The farm cooperative/cooperative groups have been
recognized as typical VietGAP standards such as: Hung Ngai dragon fruit farming cooperative Hung Dang
commune, Cho Gao district, Cho Gao district (area of 21.85 ha meeting VietGAP standards), the dragon fruit farm
in Luong Phu commune, Luong Hoa Lac commune, Cho Gao district (area of 29.95 ha meeting VietGAP
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standards), dragon fruit farms cooperative production Truong Tho My An commune, Cho Gao district (32.7 ha
meeting the VietGAP standards) [4].
Trading enterprises play a focal point in distribution and consumption of dragon fruit. The enterprises in the
province are actively investing in dragon fruit production as well as enhancing the search and expansion of the
market. The dragon fruit procurement systems of exporters are increasingly taking a high share of the buying
chain, accounting for about 26% (including buying and selling of self-produced products). Enterprises have
actively contacted foreign partners such as China and Thailand to directly export dragon fruits to these countries.
These export orders now account for a small share of the total dragon fruit export trade nationwide but are an
important development direction, contributing to the development of dragon fruit production in the province.
Advantages and disadvantages in dragon fruit production in Tien Giang province
• Advantages in dragon fruit production
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has a policy to develop the dragon fruit production area
under the Decision No. 4573/QD-BNN-KHCN dated 22nd October 2014 approving the adjustment of the Central
Agricultural Extension Project: "Building a sustainable and safe epidemic dragon fruit intensive farming model"
deployed in Binh Thuan, Tien Giang and Long An. At the same time, the People's Committee of Tien Giang
Province has had a plan for planning specialized areas for dragon fruit production. The dragon fruit farmers agreed
to plan dragon fruit production. There is support from the authorities and scientific and technical research
institutions.
In recent years, dragon fruits have been sold easily and prices have increased so the profit is higher than
previous years because dragon fruit farmers have applied well in the seasonal production and export markets of
dragon fruit have been expanded.
• Disadvantages in dragon fruit production
Dragon fruit production in Tien Giang also is being encountered many difficulties. Growers still practice based
on own experience (application of pesticides, growth stimulants,...), not complying with the requirements of
pesticides use recommended by professional agencies, occurence of insects and diseases (white spot disease,
brown spots, and fruit flies). The problem of pesticide and chemical residues in the product is a major technical
barrier to export markets.
Lack of supply of high quality dragon fruit for high-class markets. According to the Department of Agriculture
and Rural Development of Tien Giang province, by the end of 2016, the province has about 220 hectares of
production complied with GlobalGAP, VietGAP standards. Meanwhile, Binh Thuan province has more than 7300
hectares of dragon fruit complied with VietGAP standards (5100 hectares have been certified) and more than 300
hectares of certified GlobalGAP dragon fruit.
According to the interview with deputy manager of the My Tinh An cooperative, dragon fruit produced under
the GAP process usually produces small fruits, low yield, time consuming and high cost but the price is not much
different from price of fruits produced by traditional methods. In addition, the cost for the initial certification is
high, about 150 million and the cost of re-certification after one year is 100 million VND. In the past, state
agencies supported a part of those cost of GAP certification, but at present this program has ended. As the cost of
re-certification is quite high, complicated procedures, strict production process, farmers are unfamiliar and not
compliant. This is also a problem that authorities and professionals need to have strategic solutions in the future.
3.2. The situation of dragon fruit marketing in Tien Giang province
At present most of dragon fruit farmers sell their produce directly to traders. There are different forms of
buying dragon fruits in the province:
Enterprises buy dragon fruits from traders. The purchased price depends on the time of transaction, and there is
no buying contracts. Traders often use the form of "buy off the sale" mainly through collectors or farmers. The
sale and purchase of dragon fruit between producers and collectors is made via telephone or in person. Depending
on the relationship between the two parties or the need that the seller or the buyer actively contact for negotiation,
agreement on the price attached to the form of delivery [4].
The classification of dragon fruit is based on the weight and shape of the fruits: Grade 1 weighing more than
460 grams, grade 2 weighing 300-460 grams, grade 3 weighing less than 300 grams. However, depending on the
market will have different classification. Dragon fruit exported to China, or to Southeast Asian countries are
usually in the form of grade 1 (from over 460 grams), with good appearance, "green" ear - hard, not diseased,
intact, not scratched. The dragon fruits exported to fastidious markets such as Japan, South Korea, USA ... belong
to weigh class of 230-300 grams per fruit, having good appearance, produced according to the GAP process [9].
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• Preliminary processing
The quantity of dragon fruits that has preliminary processing in Tien Giang province accounts for a small
proportion. Preliminary processing of dradon fruits depends on the market requirements and the actual ability of
the preliminary processing unit. The main preliminary processing include the following steps: cleaning shell;
quarantine treatment and preservatives; fruit handling by physical methods; put in the boxes.
Rinsing the fruits with water and wipe the fruit with a towel. For products exported to the US, Japan, Europe
often washed with clean water (drinkable). Some enterprises are using ozone production equipment, also known as
an olid equipment for surface disinfection, to prolong the storage time of fruits. However, this device has not been
thoroughly researched on the effectiveness of dragon fruit handling.
Treatment of plant protection chemicals by soaking the fruit into fungicides (Benomyl 500 ppm solution within
1 minute). Treatment fruits by immersing 3 minutes in 200 ppm chlorine solution controlled the development of
postharvest disease.
• Preservation
Dragon fruits can be preserved for 22 to 40 days if stored at temperature 5oC-10oC, humidity 90% - 95%. To
preserve dragon fruit, temperature in the storage container should be decreased from 27oC to 5oC within 48 hours
and when taking out the dragon fruit from the storage container should follow the reverse process. The
preservation of dragon fruits in most packaging facilities has ensured the standard refrigeration conditions as
studied to maximize the maximum possible storage time without the chilling injury to the fruits. In addition,
dragon fruit is preserved by covering the fruit with perforated polyethylene (1 fruit in a bag, 10 holes with 1 cm in
diameter) or polystrien (plastic bag) to avoid mechanical damage and placed in a binspace for each fruit.
Storage containers are regularly sterilized and checked technical inspection to ensure standard storage
conditions [4].
• Packaging
For domestic consumption: far areas (North and Central), dragon fruit is packed in wooden or carton box,
weighing 20 to 25 kg/carton; close areas, dragon fruit is usually contained by crates or baskets. For export
markets, the dragon fruit cartons are labeled to indicate where they are produced. According to the needs of
customers, the size and weight of the barrels are different.
• Transport
Domestic consumption: means of transport are usually by truck. Due to lack of care during storage and
transportation, the dragon fruit is consumed in the domestic market often quickly degraded, the peel and ears were
quickly withered and yellowing, fruit easily bruised. Dragon fruits exported to China are transported by cold
containers from the packing places to the destination; to other countries transported by cold containers; Exported
to Laos and Cambodia by truck, exported to markets such as Europe, America, Japan, Australia ... often
transported by air.
Export conditions: The dragon fruit is usually transported in cool and dark weather by cold containers at 5oC
and 20-25m3/h in ventilation rate [4].
• Market channel
There are four channels for dragon fruit consumption in Tien Giang [1]:
Channel 1: Dragon fruit growers → Collectors/traders → Exporters of primary categories/small enterprises →
Foreign consumers.
Channel 2: Dragon fruit growers → Collectors → Traders → Markets in the area → Consumers.
Channel 3: Dragon fruit growers → Traders → Retailer → Consumers
Channel 4: Dragon fruit growers → Markets → Consumers
Traders: traders sell about 71% of dragon fruit to the companies, to Binh Dien, Tay Ninh, Ca Mau, Dalat, 28%
of production and to retailers in the province [1].
Trading companies collect 98% dragon fruit from traders. Collectors buy fruits from farmers, assemble at home
in sufficient quantity and then transport to the export companies during the day (Doan Minh Vuong et al., 2015).
There are about 30% of direct export or through consignment, 35% of production is sold to enterprises in Ho Chi
Minh City and about 35% of the remaining output is sold for enterprises in Binh Thuan province. Tien Giang
province now has established companies to export dragon fruit directly to the markets of China, Thailand but
export volume is not large, export through trust, export quota remains is mainly [1].
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• Assessment of dragon fruit markets
Demand for dragon fruits in high-class markets is still very high, but the implementation of export contracts of
companies is difficult due to requirements to ensure both quantity and quality standards. Meanwhile, the area of
dragon fruit complied to GlobalGAP standard, VietGAP of the province is very limited. In addition, there are
areas certified to GlobalGAP standards, however, chemical residues in dragon fruits over the allowed level when
testing because growers have not fully complied with the provisions of the GAP process during dragon fruit
production process.
The price of the fruits is not stable, there is no contract involved in buy and sell practice. Dragon fruit export
has a great diversity of markets, but it is too dependent on the Chinese market while other markets still account for
a small share.
The linkage between farmers in dragon fruit production and consumption has not been well implemented. Area
of dragon fruit production increased but not planned, spontaneous, production and consumption in the form of
"buy off, sell the segment", no official contract.
3.3. Proposed solutions to improve the production and consumption of dragon fruits in Tien Giang province
From the advantages and disadvantages of producing and consuming dragon fruits in Tien Giang Province, the
study proposes some solutions to improve the dragon fruit production and consumption in the coming time:
Firstly, it is necessary to improve the knowledge and capacity of actors in the dragon fruit value chain.
Establishing linkages between farmers and enterprises to produce and consume dragon fruit that meet market
demand in terms of quantity and quality. Training and updating information on supply and demand of dragon
fruits in the country and in the world in order to help agents understand market demand, understand the role of
actors in the chain to bring products to the market in a sustainable way.
In order to shorten market channels, create a stable production and consumption, increase profits for dragon
fruit growers, it is necessary to have policies to attract investment enterprises in association with farmers to form
raw material production zones in accordance with a technical process, creating products in equal quality and
making the contract of stable consumption. Organizing training and vocational training on dragon fruit cultivation
techniques under the GAP standard to raise awareness and provide knowledge on good production practices to
create quality products that meet the increasing demands of the market.
Support training for leaders of cooperatives, cooperative groups on knowledge of supply chain management,
and planning production and business according to market requirements to improve management capacity and
help them manage and run their production and business activities effectively.
Secondly, dragon fruit production in the province has opportunities such as dragon fruit markets are growing,
there are many provincial and government policies on production and consumption. However, the dragon fruit
production in the province has many weaknesses such as the lack of dragon fruit meet quality standards; Lack of
linkage between production and consumption; High residues of pesticides and chemicals; Production and
consumption plans are not suitable to the market; The forms of economic cooperation are weak and lacking.
Therefore, it is necessary to:
Forming and reorganizing cooperatives and cooperative groups focusing on the production of quality dragon
fruit, production according to GAP standards, linking with the company to buy products. The main goals are to
create products that meet market requirements and to develop stable and sustainable production.
Support to build voluntary production linkages between farmers and farmers (horizontal linkages) to form large
fields of production according to a technical process to produce products that meet the requirements of quantity as
well as quality and have a stable output contract.
Thirdly, dragon fruit production in the province is facing risks such as competition in price and quality with
other countries; The increase of technical barriers for Vietnam dragon fruit; Depending on the Chinese market
heavily; The demand for food safety and hygiene products is increasing while the dragon fruit quality of the
province is very limited. In addition, Tien Giang has strengths in specialized farming areas, full of factors in trade,
economic efficiency from the production of dragon fruit is high and planting dragon fruits by crop is reasonable.
Therefore, in order to develop strengths and overcome the risks, it is necessary to:
Reviewing and planning the area of concentrated cultivation, limiting the increase of the area of spontaneous
planting and investing in raising the quality in the specialized production areas in order to ensure sustainability in
the production and consumption of dragon fruits are highly competitive in terms of quantity and quality.
Promoting trade promotion activities, expanding the market, popularizing products and brand names of dragon
fruit to new markets know about Tien Giang dragon fruit to create the dragon fruit brand of the province.
Investing in research to create different types of dragon fruit to meet the tastes of the market in terms of color,
flavor and quality of fruit.
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4. Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1. Conclusion
Dragon fruit is the main fruit trees of the province, bringing high returns to producers and involved traders.
Productivity of the fruit has increased continuously over the years. However, the production of dragon fruits of
Tien Giang province has many shortcomings and lack of sustainability: Attention to the quality of dragon fruit has
not been paid by farmers; limited production area met the requirements of GlobalGAP standards, VietGAP; Price
fluctuation at the time at harvest; There are limited linkage between production and consumption; Horizontal links
such as co-operative/cooperative groups is very rare.
The province has support policies in implementing the model of linking production towards improving the
quality and processing of dragon fruits. However, the support package has not synchronized from production to
consumption, not as effective as expected by the actors involved in the chain. In addition, the province has not
actively sought and worked directly with export companies in the development of business links. Therefore, the
province needs to change its management and operation by actively working with exporting companies, especially
reputable companies as partners to invite and attract investment of companies to build supply zones, carry out
business linkages.
The analysis of the current situation of dragon fruit production and consumption indicates that the demand of
the market is stable in terms of quantity, quality and price but dragon fruit production in Tien Giang has not met
the demands. The research has proposed some solutions to develop dragon fruit industry in the province in the
near future.
4.2. Recommendation
By analyzing the situation of dragon fruit production and consumption in Tien Giang, the authors propose
some recommendations as follows:
• For Tien Giang province
Focusing on researching and investing to improve the quality of dragon fruit according to VietGAP and
GlobalGAP standards instead of developing the area. Investing to diversify dragon fruit varieties according to
market requirements, focusing on supporting the development of specialized dragon fruits in Cho Gao district as
planned.
Building successfully large-scale, high quality dragon fruit production models. From there, register the brand
and develop the brand, create prestige in the long run, keep the market share from now.
Support to strengthen dragon fruit cooperatives and cooperatives in knowledge, management and business
capacities. In addition, cooperative and cooperative groups should also be supported to register for certification
and to re-certify under GAP standards.
Promoting advertising / marketing of Tien Giang fruits in general and dragon fruit in particular on the
website, at fairs and exhibitions and in export markets.
• For dragon fruit farmers
It is necessary to improve market knowledge and value chain approach in order to be aware of the production
of dragon fruit and meet the GAP standard right now to develop the brand name for dragon fruits of Tien Giang.
It is important to understand the benefits of cross-linking and vertical integration to voluntarily cooperate in
large-scale production in the same production process and quality to reduce production costs.
• For the company
It is necessary to develop high quality raw materials areas with investment and purchase of products, creating
prestige and developing the brand in the future.
Provide market information for horizontal links (cooperative groups, cooperatives) to produce marketable
quantities and quality.
References
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pp. 10-22.
[2] Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Cho Gao district (2016). Report 2016, direction of
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[3] Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Tien Giang (2007). Project for development of dragon
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[4] Departmen of Agriculture and Rural Development Tien Giang (2017). Project for development of dragon fruit
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[9] People's Committee of Tien Giang Province (2016). Report on the socio-economic situation in 2016.
[10] Tien Giang Statistical Office (2017). Tien Giang Statistical Yearbook 2017.
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