Bài giảng Technical writing and presentation - Chương 9, Phần 1: Literater review - Vũ Văn Thiệu
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Introduction
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2
• The aim of this module is to:
• develop knowledge about literature reviews
• develop language skills needed to produce a literature
review in English for a research project and/or journal
article.
Technical Writing and Presentation
Basic Writing
• It begins with a focus on the purposes of a literature
review. It then looks at the relationship between
annotated bibliographies and literature reviews.
• The main focus is to explore ways of reading and writing
about academic literature.
SOICT - 2020
• It will develop skills for drawing on current research to
write your own critical commentary of relevant
literature.
1
2
Structure of the module
Learning Outcomes
•
•
POINT
POINT
1
2
3
4
• understand that the key purposes of a literature review
• to situate your research within the relevant knowledge in the field
• What is a literature review?
• to demonstrate how your research will add knowledge in a particular
field.
• What is an annotated bibliography?
• Reading research literature to extract key ideas.
• Developing an annotated bibliography.
• understand the relationship between an annotated bibliography and a
literature review
• understand how to extract key ideas, analyse and synthesise research
literature.
• Writing literature reviews - language of judgment
and evaluation.
• move from description to analysis to critical commentary of current
research literature.
• Ways of writing about research literature.
• become familiar with the vocabulary that expresses judgment and
evaluation.
3
4
1
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Activity 1 continued
Introducing literature reviews
5
6
• What is a literature review?
• What are its main purposes?
A literature review is a description and analysis of
• Where do you typically find the literature review in a
journal article?
the literature relevant to a particular field or topic.
• Where is a literature review located in other research
texts?
It is a critical assessment of the relevant literature
and the evaluation of these sources in relation to
the research being proposed.
5
6
Importance of reading research literature
Where is the literature review located in a research text?
7
8
• To understand the key concepts, terminologies, ideas,
theories and practices in the field
• A literature review usually occurs as a section
of a paper or report following the Introduction.
• To become familiar with the main
issues/problems/theories
• However, parts of the literature review can be
integrated into other sections of the paper or
report.
• To become familiar with the key researchers in the
field
• To establish the state of knowledge in the field
• To find ‘gaps’ in the field, or create a research space.
• You should check the conventions for the
publications you are writing for.
7
8
2
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Reading research texts
Typical stages in writing a literature review
9
10
• Select a topic
• Search the literature and select what to read
• Read the relevant texts
• Develop an annotated bibliography
• Develop your argument about the literature and
relevant to your topic/research question(s)
• Write the review synthesising and critiquing the
literature
•
How has the author collected the
data?
•
Who wrote the text and what are
the author’s qualifications?
•
•
What are the findings?
•
•
•
When was it written?
Who is it for?
What relevant sources does the
author use?
What is the main genre or main
purpose? Sub-genres?
•
•
•
What limits did the author place
on the study?
•
•
Why was the study carried out?
What aspects are relevant to
your research question/area?
What is the author’s main point, or
thesis?
• Integrate your own considered position
What is your evaluation of the
text?
9
10
What a literature review does
Introducing annotated bibliographies
11
12
Your literature review needs to demonstrate that you
have:
• understood and critically analysed relevant literature
• established the significance of your research
•What is an annotated bibliography?
•What are its main purposes?
• shown how your work uses and builds on previous
work
• shown how your work can be differentiated from
previous work
• used the literature to identify knowledge gaps and to
refine your research question/s
11
12
3
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
An annotated bibliography is ꢀꢀꢀ
Understanding Differences
13
14
A literature review is an integrated discussion of
references where you compare and contrast ideas,
An annotated
Understanding
An annotated bibliography is a descriptive and
theories, viewpoints, methods etc from a number of
bibliography is ꢀꢀꢀ
Differences
evaluative list of citations for books, articles, or other
sources. You must comment on and evaluate what
you have read in your own academic voice.
documents.
An annotated bibliography is a list of specific
references with some evaluative comments. It is for
your own use in carrying out and writing up your
research.
It includes the citation (author details, year of
publication, title of the work, edition – if relevant,
publisher, place of publication), followed by a brief
paragraph (the annotation) summarising then
evaluating the work in terms of the accuracy,
quality, and relevance of that source.
A reference list is a list of the sources you have
referred to or cited in your research text. It appears
at the end of your research text.
13
14
What is included
Purposes of annotated bibliographies
15
16
• To familiarise yourself with the material available on a
Purposes of annotated
• Full bibliographical details of the text according to a
particublairbtolpioicg. raphies
particular referencing system
• To demonstrate the quality and depth of reading that you
have done.
• Summary of the main points, identifying the particular
theoretical or political perspective on which it is
based. Include a comment on methods. Be concise.
• To exemplify the scope of sources available—such as
journals, books, web sites and magazine articles.
• To highlight sources that may be of interest to other readers
and researchers.
• Critique involving a brief evaluation that includes: Who
is the intended audience? On what assumptions is it
based? What are the limitations? Does it have a
particular bias? Is it useful for me? How?
• To explore and organise sources for further research, e.g. as
the first step toward a literature review.
15
16
4
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
An example
Adding more depth
17
18
Citation
For describing: annotations usually
Bloggs, J.(1995). Understanding the Reading Process. Saints
Publishing, Sydney.
•
•
summarise the subject of the source
outline the author’s argument, methodology and conclusions.
Summary
This text takes a psycholinguistic view of the reading process,
describing the stages through which an individual moves in gaining
control and independence in reading. Evidence from extensive
research with children and adults learning to read is presented in
anecdotal examples which add interest to the theoretical explanations.
For critiquing: annotations may focus on
•
•
•
•
•
the author’s argument (persuasive? didactic?)
the reliability of the evidence
its relationship to other critics
Critique
its contribution to the field of research
its relationship or connection to the research area or question
This is an easy-to-read text describing the reading process which is
clearly formatted for the new teacher. However, by not including more
recent theories of reading that contest many of its claims, it offers a
limited view of the reading process
17
18
Contents
Writing your annotated bibliography
Another
exam
19
20
Read pthleeannotated bibliography example 1a.
The text can be broken up into 8 sections. Insert numbers
1-8 into the text where appropriate.
• Using an article from your discipline or field that you have
brought to the class, draft an annotated bibliography entry.
1.Citation
• Refer to the examples we have looked at in the class so far as
a guide.
2.Introduction
3.Aims and Research Methods
• Do not worry too much about grammar at this point.
4.Scope
5.Usefulness (to your research/to a particular topic)
6.Limitations
7.Conclusions
8.Reflections (explain how this work illuminates your topic or how it will fit in with your
research)
From web search annotated bibliography,then, student.unsw.edu.au
19
20
5
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
A common problem
From Annotated Bibliography to Literature Review
21
22
An annotated bibliography examines one reference at a time
and moves from description to some analysis and critique,
whereas a literature review examines a range of references
foregrounding synthesis and critique. A literature review
should:
A common problem with literature reviews is that there is too much summary and
description and not enough synthesis and critique.
For example:
Brown and Tang (2016) argue that .... Yeo and Pope (2017) examine ... (summary)
Whereas Brown and Tang (2016) argue ....... Yeoand Pope (2017) disagree and suggest that
..... (synthesis)
• Analyse
I agree with Yeo and Pope (2017) when they argue ..... The limitationsof Brown and Tang’s
(2016) methodology can be seen in.....their choice of onlyfive participants to interview.
(critique)
• Synthesise
• Critique
What do you understand by each of these terms?
21
22
Synthesising
Critique: Expressing Judgment and Evaluation
23
24
• One limitation of X’s argument is... X’s discussion is
Your literature review will contain considerable analysis of what you
have read. In writing up the analysis you bring together other
researchers’ work making relationships between and among their
ideas to produce new ideas.
superficial...
• X’s interviews were thorough...
• X carried out an impressive number of observations...
Language that demonstrates synthesis in a literature review
explicitly draws attention to relationships between and among
ideas, theories, findings etc by different researchers.
• X presents evidence in a logical and coherent discussion
of ꢀ
• Even though X’s methodology is sound, the conclusions she
draws do not follow... The experiment was poorly
constructed...
There are many ways to do this, for example:
• Whereas X argues... Y suggests a different cause which is ...
• X claims ... which differs from both Y and Z in that ꢀ
• X’s research builds on and expands Y’s initial work by ꢀ
• X’s research demonstrates a sophisticated engagement
with the literature...
23
24
6
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Academic voice
Justifying your critique
25
26
• Your literature review must contain the language of
judgment and evaluation. The language of
judgment and evaluation demonstrates how writers
position themselves in the text – any word or
phrase that indicates the writer’s attitude to what
is in the research literature.
It is not enough to express judgment and evaluation when
discussing what you have read. You need to give reasons for your
critique. The following examples illustrate this:
• X’s discussion is superficial...in that he does not take account
of...
• X’s interviews were thorough....She ensured that she...
• X managed to interview all the..
• Your literature review must be written in your own
academic voice. This means that your ideas
about the literature, how bits of the literature relate
to each other, and how useful they are for you must
be foregrounded.
• X carried out an impressive number of observations...; he managed
to interview all the..
• X presents evidence in a logical and coherent discussion of ꢀ She
begins with ... moves to ... and thenꢀ
25
26
Literature Review Examples 1 and 2
Literature Review Example 1
27
28
Read the literature review Examples 1 and 2, and in pairs,
focusing on the language of critique and synthesis, discuss
the language features of each example and answer the
following questions for each of the examples:
Re-read example 1.
There is an opportunity to synthesise these summaries.
In pairs, suggest linking words and phrases or other ways
that could help to compare and contrast or relate the
different summaries. Eg.
• Are there any problems with it?
Whereas Kelly and Clay identify two classes of emergence
ꢀ.. , Guild reviews
• What else needs to be included to improve this review?
• What are the purposes of the underlined first and last
sentences of the introductory paragraph in example 1?
three types of emergence They differ in that ꢀ.
27
28
7
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Literature Review Example 3
Literature Review: verbs to introduce others’ work
29
30
This literature review extract discusses some of the literature in the
journal article: Health Experts’ Views on the Role of News Media.
Note the verbs chosen to introduce the work of a number
of researchers in example 1 and 2.
• Read the final paragraph (first paragraph p 261 Book of Reading AE6).
• Discuss its structure and use of language, especially in the first and
last sentences.
describes
identify
argue
shows
lists
• Discuss how the different literature is drawn together.
• Discuss where and how judgment and evaluation occurs.
reviews
considers
suggests
discusses
states
distinguishes
advocates
submits
looks at
claiming
elaborated
highlight
29
30
Different ways of writing literature
reviews
Literature Review of 2 articles
31
32
Using two of the articles you have brought to the class,
draft a literature review that analyses,
compares/contrasts and critiques their ideas, theories etc
There are different ways of presenting literature
reviews in research publications. These include:
• Organisation by themes using subheadings
Use the language of judgment and evaluation so that your
own academic voice is predominant.
• Discussion of literature integrated throughout the
publication
• A separate section following the Introduction
Use linking words and phrases to make your text cohesive.
The structure and organisation of a literature review wil
depend on the kind of publication, its length, the
conventions of similar publications.
31
32
8
Technical Writing and Presentation
2016
Literature review websites
Software programs
33
34
There are software programs that automatically
format in-text citations and end-of-paper reference
lists in your chosen style (eg APA, AGPS, MLA,
Chicago, etc). They can also be used as a personal
data base to organise any of your academic
references and your annotated bibliography.
Search the web to find:
• examples of guides to writing literature reviews – these are usually
on university websites
• examples of literature reviews in your field or discipline if possible.
Endnote is one of the most widely-used programs.
33
34
Extension activity
Extension activity
35
36
Look up the information sheets produced by the University of New England
(UNE) on Writing an annotated bibliography.
Select 3 articles (from the web or ones you have
brought to the class) and read them carefully.
• Write an annotated bibliography entry for each.
Go to section 4 Examples of Annotated Bibliography Entries
• Use the bibliographic entries to draft a literature review
of the 3 articles ensuring you use the language of
analysis, synthesis and critique.
Read the Table.
Go back to the draft of an annotated bibliography entry you began earlier
and develop it further. You may wish to use some of the sentence
structures from the table.
35
36
9
9 trang
15160
Free
Bạn đang xem tài liệu "Bài giảng Technical writing and presentation - Chương 9, Phần 1: Literater review - Vũ Văn Thiệu", để tải tài liệu gốc về máy hãy click vào nút Download ở trên
File đính kèm:
- bai_giang_technical_writing_and_presentation_chuong_9_litera.pdf
