Sự chuẩn bị của các doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa trong môi trường cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
IN VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
PREPARATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENVIRONMENT 4.0
Pham Xuan Thu,
Colleges of Foreign Economic Relations
Abstract:
The main purpose of this paper is to identify the opinions and perceptions of small and
medium-sized business managers in Ho Chi Minh City about the incentives and barriers to
implementing Industry 4.0 technology for business development. The research method used in
the study was analyzed by sampling using questionnaires as a tool to collect data from managers
of 106 businesses. Using data analysis tools (SPSS) and cross-data tables to analyze and
evaluate the factors affecting the technical preparation of technology 4.0 (TE4.0) in Vietnamese
SMEs. The major contribution from the study underscores the fact that Vietnam is in the process
of a complete transition from industry 2.0 to industry 4.0.
Keywords: SMEs, Drivers, Industry 4.0 (I4.0), , TE4.0, IoT, Mass customization,
Barriers, Digitalization
SỰ CHUẨN BỊ CỦA CÁC DOANH NGHIỆP NHỎ VÀ VỪA
TRONG MÔI TRƢỜNG CÁCH MẠNG CÔNG NGHIỆP 4.0
Tóm tắt:
Mục đ ch ch nh của bài viết này là xác định ý kiến và nhận thức của các nhà quản lý
doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ ở Thành phố Hồ Ch Minh về các động lực và rào cản triển khai công
nghệ Công nghiệp 4.0 cho phát triển kinh doanh. Phương pháp nghiên cứu được sử dụng trong
nghiên cứu được phân t ch bằng cách lấy mẫu bằng cách sử dụng bảng câu hỏi như một công cụ
thu thập dữ liệu từ các nhà quản lý của 106 doanh nghiệp. Sử dụng công cụ phân t ch dữ liệu
(SPSS) và các bảng dữ liệu ch o để phân t ch và đánh giá các yếu tố tác động đến sự chuẩn bị
về kỹ thuật công nghệ 4.0 (KTCN4.0) tại các DNNVV . Đóng góp lớn từ nghiên cứu có nhấn
mạnh thực tế rằng Việt Nam đang trong quá trình chuyển đổi hoàn toàn từ công nghiệp 2.0 sang
công nghiệp 4.0.
Từ khóa: DNNVV (SME), Vận hành, Công nghiệp 4.0, , IoT, Tùy biến đại chúng, Rào
cản; Số hóa
1. Introduction
Vietnam is a country with low labor productivity in Southeast Asia. In addition,
although there are many activities to learn about the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the media is
quite strong but the awareness and the preparation to apply 4.0 technology to production and
business activities in Vietnamese enterprises are considered quite slow. To have a basis for
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assessing the level of awareness and preparation in the case of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) before the Industrial Revolution 4.0, it is necessary to conduct practical
survey studies on this preparation so that they can identify the shortcomings and challenges that
SMEs of Vietnam are facing, and have appropriate solutions to promote the application
technology 4.0 into production and business activities, participating in global production and
supply chains.
2. Theoretical basis
2.1. Industry 4.0
The term Industry 4.0 was first introduced in 2011 on Hannover-Messe indicating the 4th
industrial revolution, which the German Government has applied in improving the production
environment related to technology and creation. new efficiencies. The Fourth Industrial Revolution
will redefine organization and control the entire value stream throughout the product life cycle. If IoT
components are considered as a prerequisite, industry 4.0 environment will mean the physical and
network levels unified. The fourth industrial revolution applies the principles of cyber-physical
systems (CPS), intelligent systems and future-oriented technologies related to human-machine
interaction. The Industry 4.0 environment will also allow every entity in the value chain to self-
identify and communicate resulting in mass customization in manufacturing and business, with
regards to efficiency focused on cost savings and reduced complex.
Industry 4.0 aims to reduce costs and create a more efficient environment and process.
However, to achieve this requires greater initial investment costs. The question for businesses is
whether the results are worth the effort of deploying Industry 4.0, especially for SMEs.
2.2. Internet of things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated part of the Future Internet, and can be defined
as a dynamic global network infrastructure with the ability to configure itself based on consumer
communications protocols. standard and interoperable, in which physical and virtual interactions
can be identified, through physical and virtual properties, using intelligent interfaces and fully
integrated into information network. Wireless sensors (WSN) allow you to sense and analyze data
and data collected from multiple locations, providing the ability to understand measurements and
infer specific processes and environments. The idea of the Internet of Things has also been applied
in part by households to create a smart home, but although specific devices have not yet been
connected properly. It is now possible to expect businesses to be able to use IoT, but to apply new
technologies will require a more sophisticated, well-planned approach to application processes. We
think the main obstacle for both households and IoT application industries is cost.
2.3. Concept of mass customization
The process of globalization and the 4th industrial revolution forces researchers to look
for new flexible business organizational structures. It is clear that the classic view of the business
and its activities no longer correspond to changes in this revolution. Today's production and
business enterprises must have a high degree of specialization in different fields and understand
how to operate a flexible production and business system, always learning and adapting to the
needs. of customers.
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Mass-customization is a combination of personalization and flexibility of the production
process that can be manipulated, implemented, leads to a level of mass production, and costs an
expense. unit cost is lower than individualization. Therefore, a mass group of people will target
instead of a single customer.
3. Research method
Because of the growing importance of the deployment of Industry 4.0 technologies that
promote business growth, this study was conducted for small and medium enterprises in Ho Chi
Minh City. The question raised in this study: How are SMEs in Ho Chi Minh City prepared to
deploy Industry 4.0 technology?
By focusing on the business with the types of technologies used, the benefits created, the
views and perceptions of SME managers on the deployment of these digital business
development technologies, The author has asked questions related to production and business
activities of enterprises:
- Q1: Knowledge of Industry 4.0 and identifying the need for cooperation to implement
specific technologies;
- Q2: Identifing the types of technology to be implemented by businesses and their level
of training;
- Q3: Evaluation of business operation after application of Technology 4.0 (TE4.0);
- Q4: Identifing barriers that enterprises may encounter when implementing TE4.0;
- Q5: The relationship between human resource development and the application of
TE4.0.
The question designed in the survey is as follows:(1) Knowledge of the concept of
Industry 4.0 for managers of enterprises; (2) Search or not seek technical partners to help deploy
the TE4.0; (3) Identify the types of technology that will be implemented in enterprises; (4)
Establishing joint training programs of enterprises for implementation; (5) Evaluate the business
operation after applying Technology 4.0 (TE4.0); (6) Identify barriers that enterprises may
encounter when implementing TE4.0; (7) Building a team of experts in the enterprise; (8) Train
employees to use digital tools to collaborate and connect remotely; and (9) Encourage employees
to propose new ideas to implement TE4.0.
The study was conducted with the support of a team of 20 trained students before sending
emails and interviewing business managers. The survey process lasted from May 15, 2019 to
July 15, 2019. The process ended with 106 valid responses on a total of 350 businesses surveyed
in Ho Chi Minh City. The response rate was 30.2%, the managers provided a complete and
useful answer to this study. Data collected were analyzed with SPSS package (regression
method).
4. Assessing the preparation of SMEs in the environment of industrial Revolution 4.0
4.1. Overview of SMEs in Vietnam
In terms of quantity, the General Statistics Office's survey showed that the number of
small, medium and micro enterprises (collectively referred to as small and medium-sized
enterprises - SMEs) was 507.86 thousand enterprises, an increase of 52.1% ( equivalent to 174
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thousand enterprises) compared to 01/01/2012, accounting for 98.1%; in which, medium
enterprises have nearly 8.5 thousand enterprises, up 23.6% (equivalent to nearly 1.6 thousand
enterprises), accounting for 1.6%; Small businesses were 114.1 thousand enterprises, accounting
for 22.0%, up 21.2% (equivalent to nearly 20 thousand enterprises); and micro enterprises are
385.3 thousand enterprises, accounting for the highest with 74.4%, increasing by 65.5% (152
thousand enterprises).
Regarding labor, the number of SMEs increased rapidly in the period of 2012-2017 but
the number of employees of this enterprise increased lower than that of large enterprises. On
average, in the period of 2012-2017, the number of SMEs increased by 8.8%, higher than the
average growth of large enterprises of 5.3%, but the labor force in large enterprises increased
faster than that of SMEs. working in large enterprises increased by 33.8% while labor in SMEs
increased by only 22.1% compared to January 1, 2012; On average, in the period of 2012-2017,
the labor force in large enterprises increased by 6% and that of SMEs only increased by 4.1%.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20
15
10
5
16.5
508
16.5
436
8.5
402
8.9
369
6.3
347
6.8
325
0
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Total number of enterprises operating in Vietnam at the time of December 31 every year (Thous. Enterprises)
The percentage increase in the number of businesses the following year compared to the previous year
Source: GOS, Economic Census 2017
Figure 1. The actual number of enterprises operating over years, period 2012-2017
4.2. Assessing the overview of the preparation of SMEs in the environment of industrial
Revolution 4.0
4.2.1.On the advantage
- Telecommunication and IT infrastructure of Vietnam has developed strongly and is
standing among the top countries in ASEAN, IT is being disseminated to people and applied in
all fields of socio-economic activities. In 2017, the number of people using fixed broadband
Internet was 50.2 million, accounting for 54.19 people per 100 people. The number of
households with Internet access is 6.8 million, accounting for 27.3%. Total international Internet
bandwidth 3,816 Gbps, equivalent to 79.66 bps / user. The number of 2G mobile subscribers is
92.8 million, equivalent to 100.1 subscribers / 100 people. The number of mobile subscribers
generating voice, message, 2G and 3G data is 129 million, equivalent to 139.2 subscribers / 100
people. The number of land mobile subscribers is 36.2 million. Regarding the progress of
technology absorption, Vietnam has also achieved many achievements: the Global Adoption
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Index (DAI) ranked Vietnam on a scale of 4.6 / 10, higher than the world average. Statista's data
has shown that Vietnam's internet usage rate is currently in the top 13 in the world, with Internet
coverage currently reaching 54% and social network usage rate reaching 40% of the population.
Thus, it can be said that the current technology infrastructure as well as the level of access and
use of ICT, plus the current young and dynamic human resources are great advantages for
Vietnam to participate in I4.0.
4.2.2. On the challenge
- On the institutional side, although indicators of institutional quality have improved, they
are still at low levels. For example, the Competitiveness score of 4.0, Vietnam just reached 51.2
points on the 100-point scale, ranked 70/120 countries. In addition, the issue of intellectual
property protection has been shown to be poor and the institutions for startup ecosystem and e-
commerce are not adequate.
- Regarding readiness, according to the 2018 report on the preparation for future
production by the World Economic Forum (WEF) recently announced, out of 100 countries
assessed, Vietnam belongs to the group. countries with low, but potential I4.0 availability.
Among the foundational standards for assessing future production readiness, the factors of
human resource development and technological innovation - directly related to I4 preparation.
Vietnam's .0 scores all have low scores. Specifically: (i) Vietnam ranked only 70/100 in terms of
human resources, in which the indicators of highly specialized labor, university quality ranked
81/100 and 75/100 respectively; and (ii) Vietnam ranked only 90/100 in technology and
innovation, in which, 92/100 in technology platform (Technology Platform), and 77/100 in
creative capacity. If we compare a country in Southeast Asia, we are behind Malaysia (ranked
23/100 in technology and innovation and 21/100 in human resources), Thailand (41/100 in
technology and innovation, 53/100 in human resources) or the Philippines (59/100 in technology
and innovation and 66/100 in human resources). Vietnam ranked only close to Cambodia
(83/100 and 86/100).
- Regarding production potential, the WEF's assessment shows that Vietnam's I4.0
readiness is quite low, only in the preliminary group (Nascent). The production structure reached
4.96 / 10 points (ranked 48/100); Motivation of production reached 4.93 / 10 points (ranking
53/100). Going into each component indicator, the complexity of the production structure ranked
only 72 although the scale of manufacturing industry was quite large (ranked 17). The
component indicators in the production motivation indicator are also not appreciated: technology
and innovation rank 90; human resources: rank 70; institution: class 53 (Government
effectiveness and efficiency, rule of law); Sustainable resources for development ranked only 87.
- Regarding S&T capacities of Vietnam, it is still a bottleneck for Vietnam in I4.0.
According to the World Economic Forum's 2017-2018 Global Competitiveness Report (WEF),
the two pillars related to S&T regarding Technology Readiness (9th Pillar) and Innovation
(Pillar) column 11) has relatively low rankings (79 and 71 respectively); in which the important
component indicators are generally very weak, such as 99 grade technology absorption capacity;
Innovative capacity of innovation class 79; Complexity of production process grade 87; Quality
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of 90 grade scientific research organizations; The number of S&T human resources ranked 78;
patent rate and application per 1 million population class 91; etc. In terms of S&T potential,
more than 1/3 of R&D organizations operating in science and technology (35%) are mainly
small-scale. Meanwhile, Vietnam's higher education institutions are not appreciated in regional
and world rankings.
Human resources for Science and Technology are also an important indicator, especially
for R&D human resources. In terms of equal number of full-time human resources (FTE),
Vietnam's total R&D workforce is only 61,663 people, an average of 6.8 staff / 10,000 people,
although higher than Indonesia and the Philippines, but much lower than Malaysia (17.9) and
other developing and developing countries in Asia (China: 11; Singapore: 66.9). The limitations
of S&T human resources are also reflected by the shortage of skilled labor, especially when
comparing these criteria of Vietnam with other countries in the region. According to the Report
on "Human capital" of the World Economic Forum in 2017, Vietnam's ranking of skilled labor is
only in the low average group. In particular, intermediate skilled workers stand near the bottom
of the rankings (ranked 128/130), high-skilled skilled workers rank 99/130 countries. If these are
key labor groups to determine the growth of labor productivity, it is clear that in Vietnam, it is
necessary to identify the right goals of education, improve training quality, expand training scale,
and link training with business needs.
- Regarding the speed of technological innovation is also a weakness of Vietnam. The
2017-2018 global competitiveness ranking shows that the pillar of Vietnam's technology
readiness is ranked 71/137 only, much lower than Singapore (14) and Thailand (60). In
particular, the component index of the availability of new technology in Vietnam is only ranked
at 112; Technology absorption at enterprise level ranked 93; Technology transfer from FDI
enterprises ranked 89th. There is still a situation of importing outdated, asynchronous and
inefficient equipment and technologies. According to the survey results of ―Technology and
processing industry competition in the period of 2009 - 2013, only about 11% of enterprises have
developed new types of technology. The GSO Survey (2014) also shows that the enterprises'
limited participation in R&D activities: only 6.23% of the surveyed enterprises are involved in
R&D activities. Research by the Central Institute for Economic Management (WB) (2012)
shows that only about 10% of enterprises have R&D department with about 8-9 researchers.
Table 1. Level of application of TE4.0 of SMEs in Vietnam
No plan to
Technology
Applying
Will apply
Irrelevant Total
apply
Cloud computing
15.1
12.4
4.5
6.1
65.6
14.8
12.6
100.0
100.0
Connect the device to the device/product
68.9
Sensor technology
9.8
4.0
1.7
4.7
4.1
3.5
64.6
70.1
72.2
21.0
21.8
22.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
Mobile terminal technology
Real-time positioning technology
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No plan to
apply
Technology
Applying
Will apply
Irrelevant Total
Identification technology by radio waves
Artificial intelligence
1.3
1.3
0.9
0.5
1.9
3.0
2.7
4.0
58.7
72.8
51.4
14.1
38.1
22.9
45.0
81.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3D printing technology
Analysis and data management Big Data
Source: Center for Information and Documentation, Central Institute for Economic Management (2018)
4.3. Assessing the preparation of Vietnamese SMEs in the environment of industrial
Revolution 4.0 from the survey results
Regarding awareness of Industry 4.0 (Q1), the survey results show that up to 15.1% of
managers have not learned about the Industry 4.0; 84.7% of managers have learned about this
revolution. Among the businesses surveyed, medium enterprises are the most concerned with
88.9% of managers surveyed as interested.
Table 2. The level of awareness about Industry 4.0 of SMEs
Criteria
Micro
Small
Medium
Total
Enterprises
Enterprises
Enterprises
Amount
Percentage
Amount
9
5
2
16
Not found out
Found out
Total
15,8%
48
17,2%
24
10,0%
18
15,1%
90
Percentage
84,2%
82,8%
88,9%
84,7%
Amount
57
29
20
106
Percentage
53,8%
27,4%
18,9%
100,0%
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
The survey results (Q1) indicate that 23.9% of SME managers are seeking partners to: to
implement information and communication technology; digitize information and integrate
systems into product formation, development, production and use; to apply new software
technologies to modeling, simulation, virtualization and digital production; and to develop
cyber physical systems for monitoring and control physical processes. About 26.1% of all small
and medium-sized businesses have partnered with experts to use iCloud, Big Data or design
some types of automated robots for developing products from prototypes for production. single
to production lines. About 22.7% of managers of the SMEs surveyed also said that their
employees are skilled in using and communicating with 3G/4G mobile network technology to
operate with Android, BlackBerry smartphones. OS, web OS, iOS, Symbian, Windows Mobile
Professional, Windows Mobile Standard and Bada or to use smart devices that can detect
temperature or light, etc. Nearly 27.3% of SMEs are still hesitant. in finding technology
partners in the application of TE4.09.
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Table 3. Preparation for finding partners to implement TE4.0 in SMEs
Mechanical
engineering
Chemical
product
Food
Processing
Level of performance
Textile
IT
Plastic
Total
Amount
16
14,8%
16
5
5,1%
7
2
2,3%
2
1
0,6%
2
0
0,0%
1
1
1,1%
1
25
23,9%
29
In seeking
% per total
Amount
Already
partners
% per total
Amount
14,8%
8
6,2%
6
2,3%
4
1,7%
2
0,6%
2
0,6%
3
26,1%
25
Have done
In hesitating
Total
% per total
Amount
7,4%
11
5,7%
7
3,4%
3
1,7%
0
1,7%
5
2,8%
1
22,7%
27
% per total
Amount
10,4%
51
6,8%
25
2,8%
11
0,0%
5
4,5%
8
1,1%
6
27,3%
106
% per total
48,9%
23,9%
10,8%
4,0%
6,8%
5,7%
100,0 %
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
Regarding the determination of the types of technology that will be implemented by
enterprises and the level of training (Q2), through the managerial survey of 106 SMEs, the value
of the method is recognized for the type of public sector automation technology for users, with
37 responses, accounting for 17.5% of the total. Công This technology will be implemented in
the future by SMEs. Another type of technology is interested in deploying by SMEs to develop
Big Data & Data Analysis products (13.7%), Integrated horizontal and vertical systems (13.7%),
Internet everything (IoT - 10.8%), and Network security on databases (9.0%). The least
frequently reported responses were Artificial Intelligence (1.9%), RFID and RTLS (2.8%).
Table 4. Future types of technology are implemented by SMEs
TT
1
Application type TE4.0
Big Data & Analytics
Amount
Percentage
13,7%
17,5%
10,8%
13,7%
10,8%
9,0%
29
37
23
29
23
19
12
8
2
Automation
3
Simulation
4
Integrated horizontal and vertical systems
Internet of Things (IoT)
Network security on database
Additive manufacturing
Realistic expansion
5
6
7
5,7%
8
3,8%
9
Cloud computing
8
3,8%
10
11
Mobile technology
14
4
6,6%
Artificial intelligence
1,9%
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TT
Application type TE4.0
Amount
Percentage
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and
Real-time positioning technology (RTLS)
12
6
2,8%
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
The level of training of SMEs to deploy TE4.0 through the survey showed that up to
72.6% of SMEs have not participated in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (Level 0). Regarding
training at Level 1, about 18.5% of SMEs participate, while Level 2 reaches 8.5% of businesses.
At Level 3, only by medium businesses and managers said they are in the process of digitizing
to increase the efficiency and quality of their own products. None of the 106 SMEs achieve
training levels at Levels 4 and 5. However, 20.5% of business managers have said that in the
future, they will conduct digitalization for all assets and physical processes, as well as
integration into digital ecosystems with value chain partners.
Table 5. The level of training on TE4.0 in SMEs
Lvel of training
Micro
Small
Medium
Total
Enterprises
Enterprises
Enterprises
Amount
41
38,7%
10
23
21,7%
4
13
12,3%
5
77
72,6%
19
Level 0
% per total
Amount
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
% per total
Amount
9,4%
5
4,0%
2
5,1%
2
18,5%
9
% per total
Amount
4,7%
0
1,7%
0
2,3%
1
8,7%
1
% per total
Amount
0,0%
55
0,0%
29
0,9%
22
0,9%
106
% per total
51,9%
27,4%
20,8%
100,0%
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
Note: Level 0: Awareness training; Level 1: Basic application; Level 2: Using database
software; Level 3: Automation, system integration, IoT; Level 4: Cloud computing, Network
security, Mobile technology; Level 5: Real-time positioning technology (RTLS), Artificial
Intelligence
Regarding the evaluation of enterprise operation after applying Technology 4.0 (TE4.0)
(Q3), with the implication of assessing business operation after applying TE4.0, using the
analysis of key components and interdependence among five variables in which SME managers
expressed their agreement or disagreement about the implementation of TE4.0. The results
showed that of the 106 SMEs surveyed, factors affecting the decision to apply TE4.0 include
Demand from customers (DEC), Application competitors TE4.0 (CT4), Reduce costs (REC),
Improving time to market (ITM), and Change in the rule of law (CRL).
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Table 6. Factors affecting the application of SMEs decision making by SMEs
Impact factors
Mean
2,16
2,22
3,19
2,98
2,74
Median
2,00
Mode
Std. Deviation
1,053
N
Demand from customers (DEC)
Application competitors TE4.0 (CT4)
Reduce costs (REC)
2
2
3
3
3
106,0
106,0
106,0
106,0
106,0
2,00
1,094
3,00
3,210
Improving time to market (ITM)
Change in the regulations of law (CRL)
3,00
1,119
3,00
1,183
Source: Surveyed and processed data of the authors, July 2019
Table 7 shows a relatively high correlation between the Demand from customers (DEC)
and Change in the rule of law (CRL). A small correlation is found between Reduce costs (REC)
and Application competitors TE4.0 (CT4).
Further analysis from the correlation run results when dividing the factors affecting the
TE4.0 application decision of SMEs into two groups: the first is micro and small enterprises;
the second group is medium enterprises. For the first group: The correlation levels of variables
are Demand from Customers (DEC) (0.623), Improving Time to Market (ITM) (0.616), and
Changes in regulations of laws (CRL) (0.351). The second group is defined by the following
variables: Application competitors TE4.0 (CT4) (0.678), Changes in regulations of laws (CRL)
(0.513), and Reduce costs (REC) (0.428).
Attitudes of medium-sized businesses responded positively to Competitors Applying
TE4.0 (CT4), Change in the regulations of law (CRL), and Reduce costs (REC), and countered
negative response to Demand from customers (DEC). For micro and small businesses, there is a
positive attitude towards Demand from customers (DEC), Change in the regulations of law
(CRL), and negative Improving time to market (ITM).
Table 7. The correlation of factors affecting TE4.0 application decision
Correlation matrix
Impact factors
DEC
DEC
1,000
-0,013
-0,020
-0,129
0,110
CT4
-0,013
1,000
0,023
-0,021
0,112
REC
-0,020
0,023
1,000
-0,017
0,026
ITM
-0,129
-0,021
-0,017
1,000
-0,051
CRL
0,110
0,112
0,026
-0,051
1,000
CT4
REC
ITM
CRL
Source: Surveyed and processed data of the authors, July 2019
Regarding the identification of barriers that businesses may encounter when
implementing TE4.0 (Q4), the research results showed that the average value of the scores of
SMEs analyzed are of different sizes for all. all six variables. Lack of applicable standards
(LAS) is a unique variable that has a value of 2 for both Median and Mode values. Average
score recorded by the variable Lack of knowledge about TE4.0 (LOK) (3.55), Focus on
operating costs and business development (OCD) only (3.34), Lack of awareness of the
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importance of the implementation strategy of TE4.0 (LIS) (3.27), Weak human resources
(WHR) (3.19), Pressure on regular professional skills training (PST), which ranges between
―Neutral‖ levels and ―Agree‖ levels.
Table 8. Factors affecting the not yet implemented TE4.0 in the enterprises
Impact factors
Lack of knowledge about TE4.0 (LOK)
Lack of applicable standards (LAS)
Mean
3,55
Median
3,00
Mode
Std. Dev.
1,304
N
3
2
106
106
2,94
2,00
1,177
Focus on operating costs and business development (OCD)
only
3,34
3,27
3,00
3,00
3
3
1,093
1,225
106
106
Lack of awareness of the importance of the implementation
strategy of TE4.0 (LIS)
Weak human resources (WHR)
3,19
3,03
3,00
3,00
3
3
1,158
1,110
106
106
Pressure on regular professional skills training (PST)
Source: Surveyed and processed data of the authors, July 2019
The results of running the survey data also showed that there are three small correlations
between: "Lack of knowledge about TE4.0 (LOK)" and "Weak human resources (WHR)"
(0.117); " Lack of knowledge about TE4.0 (LOK)" and " Lack of awareness of the importance of
the implementation strategy of TE4.0 (LIS)" (0.094); and between "Focus on operating costs and
business development (OCD) only" and "Pressure on regular professional skills training (PST)"
(0.085). In addition to the above, the lowest correlation encountered was the appreciation of
―Focus on operating costs and business development (OCD) only‖ and ―Lack of awareness of
the importance of the implementation strategy of TE4.0 (LIS) (0.001).
Table 9. The correlation of factors affecting the not yet implemented TE4.0
Correlation matrix
Yếu tố tác động
LOK
LOK
1.000
-0.078
-0.057
0.094
0.117
0.023
LAS
-0.078
1.000
-0.072
-0.044
0.063
0.050
OCD
-0.057
-0.072
1.000
0.001
-0.068
0.085
LIS
WHR
0.117
0.063
-0.068
-0.104
1.000
0.039
PST
0.023
0.050
0.085
0.002
0.039
1.000
0.094
-0.044
0.001
1.000
-0.104
0.002
LAS
OCD
LIS
WHR
PST
Source: Surveyed and processed data of the authors, July 2019
Regarding the relationship between human resource development and the application of
TE4.0 (Q5), the survey results show the extent to which SMEs have established expert teams to
digitize company-level levels of strategy. Enterprise development and application of TE4.0. Out
of 106 SMEs, only 31.1% of enterprises have organized expert groups on enterprise digitization,
while the remaining 73 enterprises have not yet implemented it. Approximately more than two-
thirds (2/3) of medium-sized businesses have established expert groups on digitization, while
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only about two-fifths (2/5) of small businesses and more than one-tenth (1/10) ) micro businesses
are building these groups.
Table 10. The relationship between human resource development and the
application of TE4.0
Criteria
Micro
Small
Medium
Total
Enterprises
Enterprises
Enterprises
Amount
% per total
Amount
48
45,3%
7
17
16,0%
12
7
73
68,9%
33
Not yes
Yes
6,6%
15
% per total
Amount
6,6%
55
10,4%
29
14,2%
22
31,1%
106
Total
% per total
53,8%
27,4%
18,9%
100,0%
Source: Surveyed and processed data of the authors, July 2019
The results of the fifth criterion survey (Q5) also showed the extent to which SMEs train
their staff to become experts in applying digital tools for remote collaboration and connectivity
in their operations. production and business activities in the enterprise. Only 43.4% of SMEs
have trained their own staff, while 56.6% of SMEs have not developed an annual budget for
training or other training courses on digitalization. Only 68.2% of medium enterprises have
allocated resources to increase their digital application skills, the remaining 7 entities have not
performed such actions. 44.8% of small businesses and 32.7% of micro enterprises have an
annual budget for training their employees in the digital field.
Table 11. Deploying a team of digital experts at SMEs
Micro
Medium
Small Enterprises
Total
Enterprises
Enterprises
Amount
% per total
Amount
37
34.9%
18
16
15.1%
13
7
60
56.6%
46
Not yes
Yes
6.6%
15
% per total
Amount
17.0%
55
12.3%
29
14.2%
22
43.4%
106
Total
% per total
53,8%
27,4%
18,9%
100,0%
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
There are 11 managers who encourage their employees to spend 20% to 30% of their
time working on creative and creative projects related to the development of digital technology
at the enterprise level. Employees from microenterprises (47.2%) and small businesses (23.6%)
are more encouraged to develop TE4.0 applications at the enterprise; medium-sized enterprises
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(18.9%) have a lower proportion that can be explained by enterprises having TE4.0 applications
and avoiding disruption in business.
Table 12. Encouraging employees to deploy TE4.0 applications in enterprises
Criteria
Micro
Small
Medium
Total
Enterprises
Enterprises
Enterprises
Amount
% per total
Amount
5
4
2
11
10,4%
95
Not yes
4,7%
50
3,8%
25
1,9%
20
Yes
% per total
Amount
47,2%
57
23,6%
29
18,9%
22
89,6%
106
Total
% per total
53,8%
27,4%
18,9%
100,0%
Source: Data surved by authors, 7/2019
4.4. Some suggestions on implementation solutions
(i.) On the government side
It is necessary to accelerate reforms to create conditions for the development of digital
economy, and 4.0 technology to be applied in practice, encourage innovation in all production
and business activities.
The Government needs to develop digital infrastructure, promote the development of
electronic transactions on the basis of digitization and onlineization.
There is a need to increase public awareness and awareness about the great benefits and
necessity of open data mining. It is necessary to strongly apply digital technologies to fields such
as transportation, health, environment, tourism, e-commerce, etc. to facilitate and handle
inadequacies arising in operations. of new business practices in the era of I4.0.
The Government should promote the development of technology businesses, implement
solutions to develop digital economy, especially ecosystems to develop e-commerce and new
business models based on digital platforms. Along with that, improve the readiness of
technology and reduce costs for businesses to apply technology, because at present the Internet
costs are still high but the transmission speed is not high.
It is necessary to invest methodically and effectively to improve the quality of education
and training in order to build skilled and creative human resources.
The Government needs to mobilize resources to increase investment in R&D, considering
this as a decisive factor to innovation of innovative ecosystems. Accordingly, it is necessary to
invest in researching and getting faster access to science and technology trends in areas such as
new materials, new energy, digital, IT, automation and AI, biotechnology...
(ii.) On the business side
Vietnamese SMEs need to research and apply advanced technologies on TE4.0 to
improve their position in the value chain. Businesses need to flexibly adjust products according
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to consumer needs, integrate advanced technologies to minimize production processes, reduce
delivery time, shorten product life cycles but still ensure the ability manage production and
product quality, increase competitiveness.
The enterprises should focus on integrating digital technology: Promote the development
of production and business solutions based on digitization; integration with sensor systems,
control systems and communication networks for business and customer care; efficient storage
and use of big data based on cloud computing; collect, analyze and process big data to create
new knowledge and support decision making, create competitive advantage; analyze efficiency,
evaluate and apply data collected from machines and sensors to quickly make decisions to
improve safety, performance, workflows, services and maintenance.
The businesses need to develop new skills for individuals as well as for organizations;
Participate and effectively use the smart supply chain created from TE4.0, closely linked to
customers' needs. It is necessary to have staff who are able to operate the platform effectively
and can manage new tools, such as new communication systems, new mechanisms for virtual
collaboration, new tools for acquisition to collect feedback and ideas from employees and
customers. In addition to the development of skills, business managers can consider a new
approach in recruiting employees, with employees hired for their skills, based on experience, and
be hired on a permanent basis. It is possible to consider appointing a permanent manager in the
application and deployment of TE4.0 in the enterprise. Strategy of developing human resources
must be a part of long-term development strategy of enterprises. In particular, first of all, it is
necessary to have solutions to improve the quality of existing human resources of businesses,
especially key staff and experts through training activities, updating knowledge, and carefully
equipped equipment. skills (focus on 3 skills: Proficiency in professional skills, knowledge of
foreign languages, firstly English ...; proficiency in information technology, computers) to
improve labor productivity; attaching importance to recruitment and having a "head-hunting"
strategy to supplement high-quality human resources for enterprises.
The enterprises need to attach importance to the "restructuring of enterprises" in the spirit
of entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity; review and update to promptly adjust and
renovate the corporate governance model suitable to the development scale of the enterprise in
each period; to build a streamlined, efficient apparatus and to arrange the right workforce and the
right people to ensure the highest labor productivity.
Vietnamese SMEs need to deploy enterprise management software: Enterprises will
gradually deploy and apply management software for their production and business activities at the
grassroots level. Initially can use the customer management software (CRM), sales management
(POS), warehouse management (WM). Application of TE4.0 in corporate governance, construction,
project management, promotion, project introduction, real estate online business, especially research
and application of blockchain technology. product trading activities to improve labor productivity
and business efficiency of enterprises; attaching importance to the cooperation with foreign investors
and enterprises to increase financial resources, improve corporate governance capacity, increase
product diversity but still retain the identity.
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The enterprises should immediately apply the application of new technology.
Implementing new technology is a real challenge for businesses. However, if there is no
awareness of early deployment, businesses may face more challenges on production, business
and management issues, and lose business opportunities when they cannot exploit the volume of
data. Is the customer getting bigger.
5. Conclusions
The Government has been focusing on perfecting institutions, mechanisms, policies and
laws, focusing on regulations to enable businesses to quickly absorb and develop technology and
build business models. new business. The Government should continue to actively review and
abolish unsuitable business conditions. At the same time, building a synchronous infrastructure
system, especially information and communication technology, developing digital connection
infrastructure, ensuring network safety and security. However, the business community is a
leading force and a pioneer in determining the level of success in implementing Industry 4.0, so
it is necessary to take initiative in coping with negative impacts from this revolution.
SMEs in Vietnam are making efforts to catch up with Industry 4.0 through the
implementation of TE4.0 applications based on the platforms that the world has been and are
using; It is necessary to prepare human resources through increasing budget and developing staff
and expert training programs for TE4.0 applications. Businesses will have to find out how
businesses in the world are applying Industry 4.0, through which there is a plan to gradually
transform into a digital enterprise, apply 4.0 technology into operation, bring new products and
services to customers.
Given the limited research situation, any conclusions or recommendations derived from
this article are only considered to be expected, relatively short-term forecasts. Further studies on
a larger number of enterprises will provide SMEs in Vietnam with a basis for making better
decisions, while providing some useful guidance for policy makers in to move the economy in
the direction of the 4.0 technology revolution to catch up with the rapid changes of the world in
the near future.
REFERENCES
[1] ASEAN Secretariat. 2016. ―Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025‖
[2] The Association of South-east Asian Nations, July 2017 ―The ASEAN Charter – 21st
Reprint‖
[3] Asian Development Bank Institute. 2014. ―ASEAN 2030: Towards a Borderless Economic
Community‖
[4] European Committee.(2013). Improvement of Entrepreneurial Mindset, Publications
Office of the European Union..
[5] Zilch, A., & Schalla, P. (2015, July 29). PAC organizes and assesses projects for Industrie
4.0 and the Internet of Things with new ―Innovation Register‖. Retrieved from:
internet-things-new-innovation-register
[6] Principles of corporate governance OECD (IFC&OECD), 2016
[7] Nguyễn Vĩnh Thanh, Enhancing the competitiveness of Vietnamese enterprises under the
current period, The Economic Research Magazine (2016).
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