Sản xuất thông minh, cơ hội cho doanh nghiệp tiếp cận cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
IN VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
SMART MANUFACTURING, OPPORTUNITIES FOR
ENTERPRISES TO APPROACH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
Ha Minh Hiep and Nguyen Van Khoi,
Ministry of Science and Technology
Abstract:
The 4th Industrial Revolution has been creating a drastic change in the mode of
production and consumption based on the strong development of science and technology. Along
with the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Cloud
Computing, Industry 4.0 has formed a special production platform, smart manufacturing. The
foundation of the smart manufacturing system is Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) including
Physical Systems and Cyber Systems. In smart manufacturing, computer science and information
technology have narrowed the space of manufacturing systems in reality today. The Physical
System is mapped on the Cyber System to form a smart manufacturing system based on CPS.
The Industrial Revolution 4.0 is opening up many opportunities for developing countries
like Vietnam in improving productivity and closing the gap with developed countries. In this
study, the author has proposed an orientation to build a framework of smart manufacturing
standards in Vietnam. From the actual survey of 302 enterprises in Vietnam, the author assesses
some of the current situation and the need to apply smart manufacturing of enterprises through
05 issues: business management activities; technology application activities in manufacturing
and business; labor force development activities; ability to build manufacturing platform; needs
of businesses when participating in programs and projects to promote smart manufacturing.
Key words: smart manufacturing, enterprises, revolution 4.0
SẢN XUẤT THÔNG MINH, CƠ HỘI CHO DOANH NGHIỆP TIẾP CẬN
CÁCH MẠNG CÔNG NGHIỆP 4.0
Tóm tắt:
Cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp 4 đã và đang tạo ra sự thay đổi mạnh mẽ về phương thức
sản xuất và tiêu dùng nhờ vào sự phát triển mạnh mẽ của khoa học và công nghệ. Cùng với sự
phát triển của các công nghệ internet vạn vật (IoT), trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) hay điện toán đám mây
(Cloud computing), cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0 đã hình thành nên một nền sản xuất đặc biệt, đó
là sản xuất thông minh. Nền tảng của hệ thống sản xuất thông minh là “hệ thống thực ảo”
(Cyber Physical Systems, CPS) bao gồm: “hệ thống sản xuất thực” (Physical Systems) và “hệ
thống sản xuất ảo” (Cyber Systems). Trong sản xuất thông minh, khoa học máy tính và công
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nghệ thông tin đã “thu hẹp” không gian của hệ thống sản xuất trên thực tế hiện nay. “Hệ thống
sản xuất thực” được ánh xạ trên “hệ thống sản xuất ảo” hình thành hệ thống sản xuất thông
minh dựa trên nền tảng “hệ thống thực ảo”.
Cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0 đang mở ra nhiều cơ hội cho các nước đang phát triển như
Việt Nam trong việc nâng cao năng suất và rút ngắn khoảng cách với các quốc gia phát triển.
Trong nghiên cứu này, tác giả đã đề xuất một số định hướng xây dựng khung tiêu chuẩn sản xuất
thông minh tại Việt Nam. Từ việc khảo sát thực tế đối với 302 doanh nghiệp ở Việt Nam, tác giả
đánh giá một số hiện trạng và nhu cầu áp dụng sản xuất thông minh của doanh nghiệp qua 5 vấn
đề: hoạt động quản lý doanh nghiệp; hoạt động ứng dụng công nghệ trong sản xuất kinh doanh;
hoạt động phát triển lực lượng lao động; khả năng xây dựng nền tảng sản xuất; nhu cầu của
doanh nghiệp khi tham gia các chương trình, dự án thúc đẩy sản xuất thông minh.
Từ khóa: sản xuất thông minh, doanh nghiệp, cách mạng 4.0
1. Introduction
1.1. Smart manufacturing in industrial revolution 4.0
The fourth industrial revolution is taking place widely, affecting the entire global
manufacturing. The fourth industrial revolution is based on the "rapid" development of digital
technology, in which automation production processes are integrated with people and business
and service activities. The enterprise has made the transition from automation to smart
manufacturing based on CPS to flexibly respond to customer requirements in a very short time.
During this transition period, sensors, machines, and information technology systems will
be connected along the value chain of a business. These connected systems can interact with
each other using Internet-based protocol standards and data analysis to predict errors, configure
themselves and adapt to changes. Industry 4.0 will help to collect and analyze data on machines,
enabling faster, more flexible and more efficient processes to produce higher- quality goods at
reduced costs. This, in turn will increase productivity, promote industrial growth and change the
workforce. The last change is to improve the competitiveness of countries and businesses.
In their research (2013), Wallace and Riddick briefly described smart manufacturing as
"an intensive application of information technology on data at the enterprise level to allow
manufacturing operations to be carried out ―smart‖, ―efficient and responsive‖.
The Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition (SMLC) definition states: ―Smart
manufacturing is the ability to solve current and future problems through open infrastructure that
enables business solutions, creating value advantage‖
The current concepts and definitions affirm the key view of smart manufacturing as the
use of information and communication technology, advanced data analysis techniques to
improve and enhance productivity and operations from the factory level, supply network,
distribution network, and supply chain.
1.2. Main characteristics of smart manufacturing
Connectivity: Devices in smart manufacturing are connected through the network to be
able to transmit information and data. This data is transmitted in real-time. Real-time data
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IN VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
transmission enables enhanced internal collaboration within the enterprise, prompt and effective
cooperation between manufacturers and suppliers.
Optimization: The optimization of smart manufacturing is done through automation.
Smart automation will significantly reduce human intervention, helping to reduce the number of
errors in the manufacturing process.
Transparency: The limitation of traditional production is the difficulty in storing, using
and exploiting an accurate data source because the data system of the manufacturing process is
not synchronized. In smart manufacturing, this data source is unique, stored, used and exploited
transparently.
Proactivity: Sensors in smart manufacturing not only show the number of existing
products but will automatically connect to the business to reduce inventories to a minimum. The
manufacturing equipment system integrated with information technology allows identifying
―abnormal‖ in the manufacturing process, thereby allowing businesses to proactively prevent
―adverse‖ problems before they occur.
Flexibility: Flexibility in smart manufacturing means being able to quickly respond to
changes in the environment and customer requirements. Businesses build equipment
configuration, manufacturing operation diagrams to ensure the ―fastest‖ response to changes in
manufacturing needs.
1.3. Several other related issues
Smart manufacturing is an initiative, changing the current production model, so the study
of smart manufacturing will cover many issues, relevant content in recent and in the future.
Many new concepts, terminologies, perspectives and smart manufacturing models have been
accepted by academics and businesses, continuing to develop and expand the potential of smart
manufacturing. The term smart manufacturing will continue to be a ―big attraction‖ for
researchers, scholars ... in the future. Although there have been successful studies of smart
manufacturing, this is still at an early stage. The attention of the Government, businesses,
citizens and society, especially the high interest from industries will be an important driving
force for the rapid development of smart manufacturing shortly.
Smart manufacturing plays a very important role to enhance the competitiveness of the
nation in the global economy in the context of industrial revolution 4.0. Many countries have
developed initiatives to respond to the future. For example, Germany launched Industry 4.0; The
United States promotes Manufacturing USA; China promotes the Made in China 2025; South
Korea built the Manufacturing Innovation 3.0 Program and France named their initiative
Industry du Future ... In smart manufacturing, standards are an important factor to help
corporations and enterprises to produce and provide goods and services in a uniform, more
efficient, safer and more sustainable way. Along with technological innovation, standards help
smart manufacturing to connect components of the production ecosystem.
Developing smart manufacturing standards will guide technology development in the
future. Besides benefits for industries, the development of smart manufacturing standards will
influence and improve the reputation of countries and enterprises; minimize potential risks due
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to the application of "backward" standards. The strategy of developing digital production and the
trend of global data connectivity in enterprises will be a factor promoting the development of
international standards for smart manufacturing. However, focusing only on a country's
perspective will lead to a limited view of smart manufacturing. Therefore, to have a global
impact on the international standards, the development of international standards for smart
manufacturing needs to be approached from the perspective and practice of smart manufacturing
trends of countries in the world.
In smart manufacturing, Factory Design and Improvement (FDI) process and production
control systems allow analysis of the functions of tools and software to improve an existing
factory or new factory design. At an early stage, commercially available software tools can be
used to enhance an enterprise's manufacturing system. On that basis, enterprises continue to use
software tools to plan to improve their manufacturing systems, identify gaps in their
manufacturing systems, plan to resolve them or avoid them. For software tools to work
effectively, the collection of data over time from production control systems must be done at all
levels from equipment to enterprise. Interoperability between software tools at all levels is,
therefore, an important support factor for smart manufacturing systems.
2. Research content
2.1. Proposing some orientations to build a framework of smart manufacturing
standards in Vietnam
In the current Vietnam Standards system (TCVN), there are about 500 TCVN related to
smart manufacturing field, focusing on the following areas:
- Information technology (information technology infrastructure, metadata exchange,
IoT ...): over 200 TCVN.
- Information security, network security (system security management, information
quality, network safety, security architecture, system risk management ...): 35 TCVN.
- Automation (industrial automation systems, integrated models of automation ...): 16 TCVN.
- Robot: 5 TCVN.
- Smart city (concepts and terminology of smart city, standard urban smart framework,
smart city assessment index ...): 9 TCVN.
- Intelligent traffic (ITS system): 5 TCVN.
- Waste control and environmental pollution control: over 74 TCVN.
- Traceability: 67 TCVN.
- Services (supply chain security management system, supplier capacity assessment, financial
services, health services, credit institution identification code, payment cards…): 70 TCVN.
- Advanced management systems: over 30 TCVN.
- Management and development of human resources: 5 TCVN.
Most of these TCVN is built based on of accepting international standards ISO, IEC,
ITU, etc.Based on reference to some of foreign models of smart manufacturing, taking into
account the actual situation and industrial level of domestic production, it can be noticed
standardization is an effective tool to promote access to industry 4.0 and gradually transform
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Vietnamese enterprises to a smart manufacturing model. The author proposes some orientations
for smart manufacturing, which should prioritize the following main groups of standard objects:
- Product standard: product life cycle in the context of smart manufacturing ecosystem
includes 6 stages: design, process, production techniques, production, use and service, end of
product and return to life cycle. Current standards, especially in the areas of computer-aided
design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer-aided technology (CAx),
often have improved efficiency in product design and manufacturing processes. Besides, these
standards increase the accuracy of the model, reduce product innovation cycles, and contribute
directly to the flexibility of the production system, product quality. Advances in this area led to a
new product development model called a Technology-based Model.
- Production system standard: A production system is a collection of machines,
equipment and auxiliary systems organized to create products and services from many different
resources. As one of the most complex components of smart manufacturing, the production
system has many distinct standards. Production systems usually have a longer life cycle than the
life cycle of the products the system produces. The standards for the above system often refer to
the field of automation, control, operation and maintenance of the system.
- Supply chain standards: Standards for interaction, connectivity between manufacturers,
suppliers, customers, partners and even competitors including business modeling standards,
production modeling standards and corresponding interaction protocols. These standards are the
key to improve supply chain efficiency and production flexibility. Focus on three sets of
manufacturing integration standards: SCOR, OAGIS, and B2MML. Standards of advanced
management system: ISO 9001, ISO 22301, ISO 22800, IEC 62443.
- System management and human resource development standards: Standards for ensuring
quality of resources, controlling aspects of labor productivity/efficiency, supervising/ensuring
information security and labor control/anti-corruption, such as ISO 9001, ISO 22301, ISO 22313
ISO 30414, ISO 31000, ISO 37001, ISO 45001.
For specific production areas, priority should be given to the development of the
following groups of standards:
- Industrial sector: Focus on information electronics industry (supporting the
development of 4G and 5G networks); transportation industry; equipment industry, food industry
and textile industry; on the basis of automation, integrated into the CPS, to create smart and
predictable future products, or preventive maintenance and production other added value;
integrating electronics/digitization/smart technology with rational development, efficient use of
resources and human factor-intelligent engineering machine through business partners and
business processes , create appropriated products and outsourcing.
- Service sector: The standard framework should prioritize, promote service quality
improvement models, and support global trade services, such as retail/commercial distribution
systems, supply chain management, automate business, smart hotel/hospital services, combine
big data technology/universal network/cloud computing, develop traceability applications
(MSMV, QR Code ...) in service business.
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- Agricultural sector: Focusing on developing standards to develop practical systems that
link industries and services, marketing, design, development and production; integrating retail
channels, automatic logistics, serving consumers conveniently, safely, continuously and in
accordance with consumers' experiences, boosting the overall business service industry in
economy scale; promoting production with advanced technology, high quality, increase
marketing, enhancing consumer confidence with the safety of agricultural products, and
restructure agriculture in the direction of applying high technologies. Prioritizing the
development of standards on management of quality systems in animal husbandry, smart
cultivation, improving the efficiency of agricultural production; geographic information systems,
big data analysis for farming; traceability system, promoting backup food safety and serving
clean agricultural products.
2.2. Survey, preliminary assessment of the current situation and the need to apply
smart manufacturing of Vietnamese enterprises
New standards, tools, and technologies will make smart manufacturing an important tool
to improve business efficiency and boost business growth in the context of Industry 4.0.
The author surveyed to make a preliminary assessment of the current situation and the
need to apply the smart manufacturing of Vietnamese enterprises. The survey has 25 questions
for enterprises, focusing on the following 5 key issues:
- Business management activities: Questions focused on: market needs for the
manufacturing and business planning process of the enterprise; the level of regular
implementation of the research, design, implementation of new products or product
diversification; the importance of data (production, market, products ...) in storage and
exploitation for manufacturing and business activities; the application of management tools
(Kaizen / 5S, 7QC / 4M, Lean / 6sigma, TPM / TQM / TQC, SPC / MSA / FMEA / PPAP /
APQP, ERP) in manufacturing and business.
- Technology application activities in manufacturing and business: The questions focus
on: the interest and awareness of the role of technology is one of the important tools in
determining the success of enterprises; apply control and quality assurance programs of
enterprises; the degree of automation and the ability to integrate machines and equipment in the
enterprise's manufacturing with information technology software for remote control; ability to
respond and integrate with information technology solutions for production lines of enterprises;
availability of human resources in the enterprise to the adoption of new technologies.
- Business workforce development activities: Questions focused on: employee awareness
of the importance of data and data analysis to the success of the enterprises; regularly participate
in training programs to improve the capacity and qualifications of employees' production and
business; share and exchange knowledge (group activity) of employees; investing resources
(machinery, equipment, training, finance) to support self-improvement of enterprises' labor
force; contact, coordinate the implementation of training activities for enterprises' employees
with local training facilities and centers.
- The ability to build the manufacturing platform of the enterprise to access to smart
manufacturing: The questions focus on: awareness of enterprises about interventions,
amendment of production and business data of enterprises; enterprises shall arrange officials or
specialized sections to apply and support information technology solutions in their production
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and business activities; enterprises collect information and data on production and business
markets; application of information technology in protecting assets on production and business
data; flexible production capabilities of the enterprise to meet market and customer
requirements.
- Needs of enterprises for participating in programs and projects to promote smart
manufacturing: Questions focused on: needs and wants of enterprises on smart manufacturing in
the future (5- Next 10 years); the readiness of enterprises to participate in smart manufacturing;
the readiness of the top management of enterprises to access and participate in programs and
projects to promote smart manufacturing; the desire of businesses to increase competitiveness,
revenue, profits through the application of smart manufacturing; Looking forward to receiving
the support from the State or international organizations in participating in the pilot deployment
and model of smart manufacturing in the next 5 years.
The author conducted a preliminary survey of the content mentioned for 302 enterprises.
Based on the summary of the survey questionnaire, the authors grouped the enterprises
participating in the survey into 9 areas of activity: electricity and electronics; construction and
construction materials; health and medical services; textile and footwear; Information
Technology; cars and spare parts, mechanics; food; Oil and Gas; others (banking, printing,
packaging, services, trade, logistics, helmets ...).
In particular, the number of enterprises participating in the survey is the most in the field
of electricity and electronics (accounting for 19%), followed by the group of automobiles and
spare parts, mechanics (accounting for 12%), enterprises in the field of construction and
construction materials (accounting for 11%) (Figure 1)
Figure 1: Proportion of surveyed enterprises
Based on the survey data, regarding the management activities of enterprises, it can be
seen that out of the total surveyed enterprises, about 32.41% of surveyed enterprises have the
potential to meet the management activities of demand enterprises for smart manufacturing
access (3.58% of surveyed enterprises are ready to meet, 28.83% of surveyed enterprises can
meet). Besides, there are 2.98% of surveyed enterprises that consider data as the assets of the
enterprises and are actively used and exploited for direct production and business; 26.16% of
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surveyed enterprises also regularly use these production data. The total number of surveyed
enterprises actively and regularly applied management tools (Kaizen / 5S, 7QC / 4M, Lean /
6sigma, TPM / TQM / TQC, SPC / MSA / FMEA / PPAP / APQP, ERP) in production and
business accounted for 25,989%, of which, the number of enterprises actively applying these
tools accounted for 2.98%. (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Management activities of the enterprise
The preliminary analysis data on the current status of enterprise management activities
for specific production sectors is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Enterprise management activities by sector
Regarding technology application activities in production and business, out of total
surveyed enterprises, about 29.02% of enterprises are ready to meet and can meet technological
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application activities, being an important approach to smart manufacturing. In which, 5.04% of
surveyed enterprises are ready to meet technological application activities. 19.21% of surveyed
enterprises have infrastructure and production lines capable of integrating with information
technology solutions; of which, 2.98% of surveyed enterprises are ready to respond to this
integration process; 16.23% of surveyed enterprises confirmed that they could confiscate
enterprise infrastructure with information technology solutions. The readiness of human
resources in enterprises on receiving new technologies accounts for a total of 20.87% of
surveyed enterprises, of which, the number of enterprises with high human resources is only
4.64%. (Figure 4)
Figure 4: Technology application activities in production and business
Preliminary analysis data on the status of technology application in production and
business activities for specific production sectors are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Technology application activities in production and business by sector
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Regarding the development of the labor force of enterprises, in general, 56.46% of
surveyed enterprises are quite interested in developing the labor force. Of which, about 3.98% of
surveyed enterprises have the amount of labor available to meet; 16.5% of surveyed enterprises
confirmed that their workforce could meet and 35.98% of surveyed enterprises thought that their
workforce could meet part of the access to smart manufacturing. 16.77% of enterprises are
surveyed continuously or periodically to organize employees to participate in training programs
to improve the capacity and level of production and business. 63.81% of surveyed enterprises
invested resources (machinery, equipment, training, finance) to support self-improvement of
their labor force, in which, the number of surveyed enterprises. This activity continued to make
up 4.93%, the number of surveyed enterprises to implement this activity accounted for 18.09%
and the number of surveyed enterprises interested in implementing this activity accounted for
40.79% (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Enterprise workforce development activity
Figure 7: Labor force development activities by sector
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Preliminary analysis data on the current status of enterprise labor force development for
specific production sectors are shown in Figure 7.
Regarding the ability to build manufacturing platforms of enterprises to access to smart
manufacturing, the survey data showed that 34.6% of enterprises participating in the survey met
quite well this survey group, of which 7.69% potential enterprises are ready to meet, 26.91% of
potential enterprises are able to respond in building their manufacturing platforms to access
smart manufacturing. The survey results showed that 28.95% of surveyed enterprises paid
attention to, arranged staff or specialized departments in application activities, supporting
information technology solutions in production and business activities (2.96% of surveyed
enterprises always give priority to this activity); 10.2% of surveyed enterprises hired outside
organizations to support information technology solutions in production and business activities;
58.22% of surveyed enterprises use part-time staff to support information technology solutions
in their production and business activities. Regarding the "flexible" production capacity of
enterprises to meet market and customer requirements, 5.26% of surveyed enterprises have the
potential to meet "flexible" production by maximizing the support of the use of information
technology; 16.45% of surveyed enterprises have the potential to meet "flexible" production
requirements with partial support of information technology applications. However, 49.34% of
enterprises participating in the survey had very little ability to meet this ―flexible‖ production
scale requirement. (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Enterprise's ability to build production base
Preliminary analysis data on the enterprise's ability to build a production base for access
to smart manufacturing for specific production sectors is shown in Figure 9.
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Figure 9: Ability to build production base of enterprises by sector
Figure 10: Enterprises' demand for participating in programs and projects
Regarding the needs of enterprises for participating in programs and projects to promote
smart manufacturing, survey data shows that 25.12% of enterprises participating in the survey
have demand to participate in programs and projects that support smart manufacturing aids; in
which, 3.91% of surveyed enterprises have needs and are willing to participate, 21.21% of
surveyed enterprises have needs and want to participate. Regarding the readiness of enterprises
to participate in smart manufacturing, 2.63% of surveyed enterprises are ready to meet the ability
to participate in smart manufacturing, 22.04% of surveyed enterprises can meet the ability to
participate in smart manufacturing, 36.84% of surveyed enterprises only partially meet the
ability to participate in smart manufacturing, 37.83% of surveyed enterprises find it difficult to
meet the ability to participate in smart manufacturing. Regarding the desire to receive the
support of the State or international organizations in participating in the pilot deployment, the
model of smart manufacturing in the next 5 years, a total of 78.62% of businesses are interested,
expect to want to be involved and willing to participate, 20.72% of businesses in the survey
group "might be interested" participate in this activity (Figure 10).
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Preliminary analysis data on the needs of enterprises to participate in programs and
projects to promote smart manufacturing for specific production sectors is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Enterprises' demand for participating in programs and projects by sector
Through the survey, the author proposes a proposal to promote Vietnamese businesses to
soon have access to smart manufacturing:
- Early formation of ―smart manufacturing thinking‖: The ideas and knowledge about smart
manufacturing need to be propagated, disseminated and trained in enterprises, in which there is a
commitment to promote participation in smart manufacturing from the top leader of the business.
- Need to build ―data culture‖: Data should be considered as "assets" of the enterprises.
Enterprises not only use data to communicate and manage information about enterprises but also
directly exploit data to connect and serve production and business activities. Enterprises should
soon form and unify accurate data sources in their enterprises.
- Early participation in the process of ―digital transformation‖: Enterprises should accelerate
the application of information technology in the production process associated with the business
model of the enterprise, making the enterprise an important component of the digital economy.
- Developing ―human resources 4.0‖: Human resources in enterprises need to be
regularly trained and fostered to raise their professional qualifications, especially knowledge
about smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0. Thereby, workers have enough skills and
knowledge in participating and interacting with CPS of smart manufacturing.
- Develop and apply a framework of smart manufacturing standards: Based on Vietnam's
standard framework for smart manufacturing, enterprises can consider, apply or develop
standards for product life cycle, production system life, business life cycle of the business.
- Develop and apply smart manufacturing support tools: Based on the results of assessing
the current situation of production and business of enterprises, enterprises should proactively
identify many processes and stages. It is possible to apply smart manufacturing support tools,
proceeding to apply them throughout the enterprise system.
- Develop a roadmap for developing ―smart levels‖: To be certified as a smart
manufacturing enterprise, enterprises need to build and implement synchronous solutions,
specific plans, and investments for each development and upgrading of the ―smart level‖ of
enterprises.
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3. Conclusion
It can be said that the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is opening up many opportunities for
countries, especially developing countries like Vietnam to improve productivity and shorten the
gap with developed countries. In the context that Vietnam is integrating deeply into the world
economy with the completion of many large-scale free trade agreements such as the CPTPP,
FTA with the European Union (EU) ..., approaching the achievements of Industrial 4.0 to
effectively participate in global value chains and promote Industrialization and modernization
are urgent needs. With the attention of the Party, the State and the Government; adequate
knowledge, especially at management level and policy makers; The awareness about the
application and use of information technology and the high level of international integration in
science and technology, innovation and trade and investment show that Vietnam has sufficient
opportunities to approach smart manufacturing. We need to continue to build and strongly
implement breakthrough mechanisms; policies and solutions to soon form smart manufacturing
models in enterprises, step by step successfully implement the transformation of digital
economy, taking the country to a new high level./.
References
[1]. Kang, H. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, S., Kim, H., Park, J. H., Son, J. Y., Noh, S. D. Smart
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[2]. Thoben, K. D., Wiesner, S., & Wuest, T. Industrie 4.0 and smart manufacturing-a review of
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[3]. Kusiak, A. Smart manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 2018;56(1-
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[4]. Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H. G., Feld, T., Hoffmann, M. Industry 4.0. Business &
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[5]. Ngo, T., Le, T., Tran, S. H., Nguyen, A., Nguyen, C. Sources of the performance of
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