Các chính sách hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ của Hàn Quốc và bài học cho Việt Nam
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
IN VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
THE SMES POLICY OF SOUTH KOREA AND LESSONS
FOR VIETNAM
Nguyen Minh Trang,
Diplomatic Academy
Abstract:
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economic
development. Therefore, many countries have applied combined policies to support the SMEs.
South Korea is one typical country that was successful in implementing policies and measures to
promote and develop the SMEs in many sectors. For Vietnam, SMEs also play an important role
and make positive contributions to the development of the economy. However, the activities of
SMEs in Vietnam are still limited and lower than expectation. Vietnam and South Korea are in
the same region with some similarities in culture and conditions. Therefore, the study of SMEs
policies in South Korea can help figure out some useful lessons to apply in Vietnam economy.
Key words: SMEs, policy, South Korea, Vietnam
CÁC CHÍNH SÁCH HỖ TRỢ DOANH NGHIỆP VỪA VÀ NHỎ CỦA HÀN QUỐC VÀ
BÀI HỌC CHO VIỆT NAM
Tóm tắt:
Các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ (DNNVV) đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong sự phát triển
kinh tế. Do đó, nhiều quốc gia đã áp dụng các chính sách kết hợp để hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp
vừa và nhỏ. Hàn Quốc là một quốc gia điển hình đã thành công trong việc thực hiện các chính
sách và biện pháp nhằm thúc đẩy và phát triển các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ trong nhiều lĩnh
vực. Đối với Việt Nam, các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ c ng đóng một vai trò quan trọng và đóng
góp tích cực cho sự phát triển của nền kinh tế. Tuy nhiên, hoạt động của các doanh nghiệp vừa
và nhỏ tại Việt Nam vẫn còn hạn chế và chưa được như mong đợi. Việt Nam và Hàn Quốc nằm
trong cùng một khu vực với một số điểm tương đồng về văn hóa và điều kiện phát triển. Do đó,
nghiên cứu về chính sách phát triển của các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ ở Hàn Quốc có thể giúp
Việt Nam đề xuất được một số giải pháp hữu ch để phát triển các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ
trong nước.
Từ khóa: Doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ, chính sách, Hàn Quốc, Việt Nam
Introduction
In most economies, SMEs play a necessary function as they often account for a large
proportion, even overwhelming the total number of enterprises. In Vietnam, the number of
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registered SMEs is over 95%. The contribution of them to the total GDP and job creation is
significant. If large enterprises often locate in the economic centers, then SMEs are present in all
localities. They are an important contributor to budget revenue, production and create local jobs
for people, which reduces the income gaps between different regions in one country. SMEs are
subcontractors for large enterprises, which partly create the value and qulity of the manufacture.
SMEs are small in size, it is easy and more flexible for them to adjust with the change of the
market. SMEs often specialize in producing some of the components used to assemble into a
finished product, which contribute to the success of the heavy industries.
Because SMEs have such important roles, many countries have implemented policies to promote
their development such as: Institutional support, capcity support and credit support. Base on
particular economic conditions and financial capcity, each economy will have different and
suitable strategy to support for SMEs. As a developing country, Vietnam can learn the policies
and implementation from successful economies in the region including South Korea to achieve
the best result from this important economic contributor.
1. SMEs policy in South Korea
SMEs in South Korea play a strategic role in the development of the economy,
accounting for 99.9 percent of the total number of enterprises, contributing over 102.9 million
USD for exporting and creating jobs for 88 percent of the total workers. In 2018, exports of
Korean SMEs reached 114.6 billion USD, accounting for 18.9 percent of the total exports. Since
the early 1980s, Korea has issued many policies to encourage SMEs to develop and make them
become the suppliers for large corporations and the Government keeps on amending them to be
most suitable with the context of international developmetn. There are many acts and regulations
to support and promote the activities of SMEs including:
Acts and regulations for
Target
SMEs
1. Regional credit guarantee Facilitating financial accommodation, revitalize the regional
foundation act in 1999
economy and contribute to the promotion of welfare of the
populace by establishing credit guarantee foundations and the
Korean Federation of Credit Guarantee Foundations to enable
them to guarantee obligations of small enterprises, micro
enterprise, etc., and individuals short of security solvency in
the district.
2. Act on the promotion of Contributing to the development of the national economy
technology innovation of through the strengthening of the technological competitiveness
SMEs in 2001
of SMEs by expanding infrastructure to promote technological
innovation of SMEs and establishing and implementing
policies related thereto.
3. Special act on support for Contributing to the balanced development of the national
human resources of SMEs in economy and society by enhancing the competitiveness of
2003
SMEs and promoting the employment thereof with support for
programs facilitating the supply and demand of human
resources, upgrading human resource structure and improving
awareness of SMEs.
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4. Special act on the
promotion of business
Promoting the business conversion of SMEs that suffer
difficulties due to changes in the economic environment, which
conversion in SMEs in 2006 will enhance the competitiveness of SMEs and upgrade the
industrial structure, thereby contributing to the healthy
development of the national economy.
5. Act on the promotion of
collaborative cooperation
between large enterprises
and SMEs in 2006
Sharpening the competitiveness of large enterprises and SMEs
by consolidating win-win cooperation between them and to
attain their shared growth by resolving the polarization
between large enterprises and SMEs with the aim of laying the
foundation for sustainable growth of the national economy.
6. Framework act on SMEs
in 2007
Providing for basic matters concerning the direction-setting
for SMEs and measures for fostering SMEs with the aim of
supporting their creative and independent growth, improving
their industrial structure, and facilitating the balanced
development of the national economy.
7. Support for SMEs
establishment act in 2007
Contributing to the establishment of a solid industrial structure
through sound development of SMEs by facilitating the
setting-up of small and medium businesses and developing a
firm basis for their growth.
8. SMEs cooperatives act in Providing for the matters concerning the establishment,
2007
management, and development of cooperative organizations,
through which SMEs consolidate and promote collaborative
projects, with aims of providing equal economic opportunities
to SMEs and encouraging their independent economic
activities to improve the economic status of SMEs and
accomplish the balanced development of the national economy.
9. Act on facilitation of
purchase of SMEs
manufactured products and
support for development of
their markets in 2009
Contributing to the enhancement of the competitiveness of
SMEs and to the management stability thereof by facilitating
the purchase of SMEs manufactured products and supporting
the development of markets.
10. SMEs promotion act in
2009
Strengthening the competitiveness of SMEs through their
structural advancement, and expand the business sphere for
SMEs, thereby contributing to the balanced development of the
national economy.
11. Act on the fostering of
self-employed creative
enterprises in 2011
Contributing to the growth of the national economy by
fostering self-employed creative enterprises through the
promotion of the establishment of self-employed creative
enterprises by the people who have creativity and specialty and
through the creation of the foundation for the growth thereof.
12. Special act on support
for small urban
manufacturers in 2014
Contributing to the development of the national economy by
establishing a support system for the growth and development
of small urban manufacturers and encouraging their economic
activity.
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13. Act on the protection of
and support for micro
enterprises in 2015
Improving the social and economic status of micro enterprises
as well as to the balanced development of the national
economy by promoting independent business activities of
micro enterprises and furthering the management stability and
growth.
14. Act on Support for
Protection of Technologies
of SMEs in 2016
Strengthening the capability of SMEs to protect technologies
and their technical competitiveness, by expanding
infrastructure to protect technologies of SMEs and by
formulating and implementing policies related thereto, thereby
contributing to the development of national economy.
According to Korean regulation, the Government designates a number of industries, as
well as some products in these industries as auxiliary products, which the large businesses have
to buy these designated products from external companies rather than self-produce. This policy
creates more chances and opportunities for SMEs to participate in the production chain and have
a stable demand for their product, which play the utmost role in maintaining the operation and
existence of the company. Besides, the Govt also focuses on improving the capability and
competitiveness of SMEs by issuing many suitable policies for each stage of the firm‘s growth
such as: Flexibility to start a business, supporting for human resource training and improving
management mechanisms; simplifying procedures to shorten the establishment time; giving
priority for adventure businesses...All the acts and policies are designed to give the firms the best
conditions and favourable environment to start, operate and grow.
Regarding the support of start-up capital for venture enterprises, Korea has an Act on
special measures for the promotion of venture businesses since 1997 (amended in 2015) to
promote the firms. This act stipulates measures to make capital mobilization for businesses
easier, more convenient and more flexible. Specifically, based on the activities of each business,
particular funds are established by decision of the President, or in accordance with the provisions
of the national financial regulations. These are very effective and necessary support because
most start-up firms are bankrupted because they are lack of financial facilities.
Along with the above regulations, Korean Governmnet has given priorities to develop
manufactured industries and established the "Korean Silicon Valley" for SMEs. These policies
support 50 percent of equipment costs and reduce corporate tax and land fees. Those firms in this
sector are given more opportunities to do research on technological innovations and they can
quickly receive and apply new research achievements. In Korea, the SMEs financial support
system includes a credit guarantee system under the Central Bank, other government financial
intermediaries and the tax policy. The Government has implemented a tax refund policy for
SMEs since 1980, which focuses on new product and R&D activities such as: 15 percent return
on R&D investment and human resource training; exmption of VAT, registration tax for houses
and land for R&D activities. The Government also has a policy of commercializing products for
SMEs, associating with the policy of selling those products to the Government and large
industrial corporations. All these activities create a great incubation hub for the firms to grow
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and develop, supporting for the SMEs not only in short term but aslo for the long term. Firms
receive both financial and technical help will gradually improve the capacity and become strong
ones in the market.
Human is the most important factor in the development of any firms because that is the
irraplacable resource. In order to stabilize the human resources for SMEs, the Government has
found out many solutions such as encouraging and giving priority to students who apply their
intership in SMEs by plus adding points, adding some subjects of SMEs in the training programs
and encouraging SMEs to attract foreign experts. With such chances, the SMEs can access to a
great quality labour force and strengthen the capability to maintain and compete with other
existing firms in the market.
In general, the policies for SMEs in South Korea are very completed in both quanity and
quality. The acts and regulations aim at supporting and promoting the firms in all aspetcs from
procedures, technical issues to financial help in many forms. More important, the Government
assists SMEs in consuming the products, which is very useful and effective in helping the firms
improving the capacity.
2. Lessons for Vietnam
According to Vietnam Association of SMEs (VINASME), 96% of enterprises in Vietnam
are SMEs. This sector generates up to 40% of GDP and more than 1 million new jobs each year.
In the near future, SMEs will be the main drive of the Vietnamese economy. However, SMEs in
Vietnam only thrive in areas with modest profit and low technology due to the lack of economies
of scale, finance and market share. SMEs still have to operate and link themselves to do
business. South Korea has achieved a great success in promoting the SMEs, which can be a good
example for Vietnam to learn.
The Government of Vietnam needs to raise awareness and about the role of SMEs in all
the public media so that SMEs can attract more attention and investment from the investors. In
Vietnam, although SMEs contribute a huge share in the economy, the awareness of these
enterprises is still not sufficient and correct. Even for a long time, Vietnam has focused on large
enterprises and left SMEs aside. Therefore, the Governmet needs to invest more on SMEs, which
is equivalent with the potential and capcity. In Korean law, there are clear definitions and
regulations on SMEs, which partly prove the importance of this economic sector. Since 1979, all
Presidents of Korea have highly appreciated the role and implemented many supporting policies
for SMEs. They also have a very clear target of SMEs sectors for different stage of development
like focusing on SMEs in manufacturing sector at the moment. To support for SMEs, Korean
Government invited consultants from developed economies such as Japan, Germany, the US and
Canada ... to share experiences. The, the Korean experts will have chances to exchange and learn
advanced techniques and technologies to popularize their SMEs. They also invites both domestic
and foreign experts who have retired or worked at home to collaborate. These experts have the
capacity, experience of advising suitable policies for Korean SMEs with the lower costs and for
a long term. Vietnam has good relations with many partners in many fields, which are favourable
conditions to utilize the assistance from good experts and managers on SMEs.
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It is necessary to have an Act on SMEs to facilitate SMEs to develop their potentials and
contribute to the national economy. Along with it, the Governmetnt should issue sub-law documents
for effective implementation. Vietnam has enacted the Law on supporting for SMEs with many
policies to encourage the development of this sectors. However, the Law and complementing
documents have many unspecific and unclear points, which bring a lot of trouble for the firms to
follow. In particular, the measures and guidance how to implement the law are still limited, leading
to the difficulties of SMEs to apply and develop. Therefore, Vietnam's supporting policies need to be
revised and supplemented to be suitable with each stage of development and SMEs conditions. On
the other hand, the supporting policies need to be consistent with the regulations in the basic laws
such as Enterprise Law, Investment Law and Labor Law.
In addition, more updated policies are needed to support for SMEs start-up. Most start-up
businesses are small and vulnerable that they are easy to be failed without adequate policies. On
Korean experience, in August 2018, the Government added measures to facilitate creative
startups, by abolishing a series of binding rules and create a fair market for SMEs to escape from
the influence of the giant corporations. They also requires large corporations not to put
competition pressure on SMEs and even urges them to share benefits with each other. In each
market place, Korea has a very specific policy. At the end of 2018, the Korea Small & medium
Business Corporation (SBC) supported up to 1,000 billion won (889.3 million USD) for its
startups in Seattle, USA. In addition to Seattle, SBC is also considering about establishing the
research centers to promote global innovation in other cities, such as Beijing and New Delhi.
Vietnam is a developing country with limited budget. However, the Government can support for
SMEs start-up in terms of facilities, policies and creating a linkage between firms in the same
sectors so that they can connect and share experience.
The Government needs to provide financial support for SMEs. Korea was very successful in
implementing this measures. For example, the 2 years support program is conducted as follows:
Every year, the workers contribute 3 million won (125 thousand won each month); Enterprises pay 4
million won and the Government supports 9 million won. After 2 years, the worker is received 16
million won and interest though he just contributed 6 million won. In fact, this is a support program
in the form of savings. Both businesses and especially workers have received tremendous support
from the Government but not at once. Thanks to this program, SMEs can retain workers for the long-
term and maintain the personnel stability. The workers are also happy and consensus to contribute
because they get a huge benefit from that contribution. The supporting period of 2 years is enough
for the SMEs to operate, develop and find their own path to grow. In Vietnam, despite many
difficulties, financial supporting for SMEs at the beginning is necessary because at this moment they
are vunerable and weak. We can learn from Korea's experience and base on specific conditions, the
level of contribution and support will be more flexible.
Besides, it is necessary to have a long term capital solutions for SMEs. Vietnam is not the
only country in the world that SMEs are always in need for capital. This is the problem of all
SMEs in the world. In Korea, SMEs must have a plan, financial forecast, feasible operation plan
to meet banks, financial institutions or funds to convince them to invest or sponsor. In Vietnam,
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many SMEs already have long-term operational plans. However, these plans still have many
unconvincing contents and they could not persuade the financial investors. The SMEs need to
impove themselves in both manufacturing and dealing with legal procedures. On the other hand,
financial institutions in Vietnam are not really attached to SMEs because they do not want to
risk. Therefore, the Government shoud issue some specific policies for financial institution in
supporting for SMEs.
The Govenrment should have timely and accurate amendment for existing policies in
unexpected situation. In 2018, Korean economy has experienced a period with many negative
fluctuation. In August, the Government increased tax incentives and added a number of
measures to support for SMEs. They also reduced credit card usage fees for small business
owners to help them overcome the economic difficluties. Besides, the Government spent 1,800
billion Won (equivalent to 1.6 billion USD) of low-interest credit for small businesses. In total,
the support package is 7,000 billion Won, reflecting Korea's determination in implementing
comprehensive measures to address difficulties for SMEs. Many economic experts said that
Korea's increasing budget spending to share difficulties with SMEs at the moment is a necessary
and timely decision. Recently, Korea's SME Ministry has a plan to support for 15,000 online
exporters and 5,000 key local potential exporters from 2019 to 2022. From this experience,
Vietnam can learn how to support and when to support. The Government should have an
accurate evaluation of the real economic situation and implement necessary changes if neeed. A
timely financial help is more important than anything because it can help the firms overcome the
edge of bankruptcy and develop.
The Government needs to create the favourable conditions for SMEs to reach out to the
world market. In 2009, Korea set a target to become the 8th largest exporter in the world in 2014
with the target of over 10,000 enterprises with export value of 2 million USD/year and the
Government supported 31,500 billion won for the exported SMEs. By that time, they have sent
many delegations abroad to connect, cooperate and open the new market for the firms. For
example, on June 27th, 2018, Professor Jongouk Kim of the Faculty of Vietnamese Language, in
Chungwoon University, a member of the Korean-Vietnamese Friendship Association (KOVIFA)
led a group of 27 Korean businesses to visit and work in Vietnam to promote cooperation
between SMEs on both sides. Obviously, the Government of Vietnam can apply this method
because we are having good relationship with many partners in the world. More important,
SMEs need to actively expand the business and reach out to the world market. This is a crucial
strategy to develop the business in all the sectors because the domestic market has the limitation.
If the firms do not operate and develop themselves, the Government‘s support will become
meaningless. Korean SMEs are very proactive and they know Vietnam has many SMEs that
have successfully started their businesses and reached overseas markets. Therefore, on
November 8th, 2016, Vietnam SME Development Fund (SMEDF) and SBC signed a
memorandum of understanding to promote the cooperation.
In the era of 4.0, technology innovation becomes more significant then ever before.
Particularly, SMEs are small, flexible and easy to adapt to the new change of the technology
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revolution and they can catch up in this sector. Korea is one of the leading countries in
electronics - telecommunications technology. One of the reasons for this success is that the
country has issued a lot of preferential policies for individuals and organizations to set up
businesses in the field, passing a number of Acts in this sectors. In addition, Korea has issued a
number of regulations such as supporting 50% of the cost of buying equipment for production
activities, prioritizing land and property use, as well as providing funding for high tech projects.
Vietnam is a latecomer country, but according to many international assessments, we have a lot
of potential to participate in this brain competiton. Therefore, it is necessary to have a
technology support policy, especially for SMEs to fully utilize the strength of human resource.
Vietnamese SMEs also need to change their mind set about learning new technologies and
updating information. They should not only study and imitate but also create and invent new
product with their own value and special marks.
Training and providing human resources for SMEs are another lesson that Vietnam can
learn from the experience of South Korea. In South Korea, large enterprises have solved labor
problems because they have good reputation and high salaries, which are quite attractive to the
talents. However, this is one of difficulties for SMEs. The Government has enacted the Special
act on support for human resources of SMEs in order to help SMEs in human resources. Through
distance education and online training policies, they have established an education network to
equip and consolidate professional knowledge. Not only that, Korea has also developed training
through websites, making it easier and more flexible to access information (Article 12). In
addition, the Government has also established close relationships between SMEs with
universities, colleges and academies, linking the SMEs into the training programs. Therefore,
SMEs in Korea can meet the needs of human resources by region, by business type and sector.
Currently, there are many existing training facilities in Vietnam. While these facilities are facing
difficulties in finding the jobs for the students after graduating, SMEs are lacking of qualified
and experienced personnel. Therefore, it is necessary to have a mechanism to link them so they
can cooperate with each other in dealing with the labour demand and supply.
In addition to the above successes, Korean SMEs often have lower labor productivity,
less than 1/3 of the large enterprises. In 2015, the labor productivity of SMEs was only 32.5,
while that of large enterprises was 100. The reason is that Korea is losing its economic growth
motivation and facing with serious income inequality. Therefore, Korea is seeking a
breakthrough for the potential of Korean SMEs. In Vietnam, there are no comprehensive
statistics on productivity like Korea, but this experience is very valuable for us to avoid falling
into the same situation. Most notably, the income inequality is not only affect to economy, but
also to society and the development of the country in the long term.
In conclusion, the SMEs policy of South Korea has achieved many positive outcome that
Vietnam should learn. Besides the Government policies for SMEs, financial, human resouces
and technology support, the SMEs themselves need to be proactive and improve the capability in
production, marketing and management to be able to compete and develop not only in the
domestic but also in the international market.
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References
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of their markets, 2009, Korea legislation research Institute
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Institute
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