Bài giảng Technical writing and presentation - Chương 8: Research ethics - Vũ Văn Thiệu
Nhập môn CNTT&TT
2016
Contents
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Introduction
2. Plagiarism
Technical Writing and Presentation
Research Ethics
SOICT - 2020
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Introduction
ꢀ Science is built on trust
ꢀ Researchers are expected to be honest and
research is undertaken ethically
ꢀ Be honest, trustworthy, fair
ꢀ Repect privacy: prevent re-identification of
anonymized data, protect data from unauthorized
access, inform users what data is being collected,
etc.
INTRODUCTION
ꢀ ...
ꢀ No international academic police force, rule of
law, investigative agency ☺
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Code of Ethics - Examples
Code of Ethics - Examples
WWW Conference 2020
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Student’s Thesis
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Code of Ethics - Copyright
Main types of fraud
ꢀ Ownership of ideas and description of them
ꢀ Plagiarism: the use of a colleague’s work
in form of:
ꢀ concepts
without clear attribution and citation
ꢀ Falsification of data: to obtain required
outcome that differs from the actual
results
ꢀ inventations
ꢀ codes
ꢀ documents (text, images, videos, etc.), etc.
ꢀ Fabrication: the experiments, data or
ꢀ A publication
entire study are made up
ꢀ Content: made by author
ꢀ Copyright: author assigns copyright to publisher
ꢀ Publisher owns the text, figures, diagrams, etc.
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Frauds - Examples
Frauds - Examples
Falsifying stem cell research
ꢀ How did the international
science community react?
Haruko Obokata, a
‘[This is] one of the biggest science scandals in
recent historyꢀ[The papers] were retracted in July
after Nature discovered that the papers included
plagiarized writing, misidentified images, and
misreported data.’
researcher in Japan, was
found guilty of falsifying data
in a paper she wrote for the
prestigious journal Nature in
2014.
Hu. Jane, C. 2014 ‘Why Do Scientists Commit Fraud?’Slate.
1. Why did Obokata falsify and
plagiarise her research?
2. If you were her colleague,
what advice would you give
to Obokata?
Her fraud rocked the stem cell
research community.
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biologist-yoshiki-sasai-commits-suicide-at-riken.html
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Frauds - Examples
Frauds - Examples
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Reasons of Fraud
Facts
Top-tier publications
Competition
REASONS
ꢀ 1.97% of scientists admitted to have
fabricated, falsified or modified data or
results at least once
Benefits of money
Publish or perish
ꢀ 33.7% admitted other questionable
research practices
Societal expectations
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Plagiarism
ꢀ Present someone else’s work in any format as
your own original work without appropriate
acknowledgement of the author or its source.
ꢀ Ideas, text, images, illustrations
ꢀ Even whole paper
ꢀ It can also be deliberate cheating or copying
and pasting from sources without correct
acknowledgement.
PLAGIARISM
Scientists’ reputations are built on their papers:
both the work and how it is reported
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Example
Example
ꢀ Original text (Barlman and Trey, 2001):
ꢀ Original text (Barlman and Trey, 2001):
ꢀ The impact of viruses has become a major issue in many
large organizations, but most still rely on individual users
maintaining virus definitions, with no internal firewalls to
protect one user from another. However, any structure is
only as strong as its weakest link; these organizations are
highly vulnerable.
ꢀ The impact of viruses has become a major issue in many
large organizations, but most still rely on individual users
maintaining virus definitions, with no internal firewalls to
protect one user from another. However, any structure is
only as strong as its weakest link; these organizations are
highly vulnerable.
ꢀ Plagiarism
ꢀ Appropriate text
ꢀ Viruses have become a major issue in many large
organizations, but most organizations still rely on users
maintaining virus definitions on their individual computers,
with no internal firewalls to protect one computer from
another. However, any structure is only as strong as its
weakest link; these organizations are highly vulnerable to
infection (Barlman and Trey 2001).
ꢀ As discussed by Barlman and Trey (2001), who investigated
the impact of viruses in large organizations, “most still rely
on individual users maintaining virus definitions, with no
internal firewalls to protect one user from another. However,
any structure is only as strong as its weakest link; these
organizations are highly vulnerable.”
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Example
Avoid Plagiarism
ꢀ
When using the ideas of others (except for common
knowledge): quote, paraphrase or summaries + reference the
sources
ꢀ Original text (Barlman and Trey, 2001):
ꢀ The impact of viruses has become a major issue in many
large organizations, but most still rely on individual users
maintaining virus definitions, with no internal firewalls to
protect one user from another. However, any structure is
only as strong as its weakest link; these organizations are
highly vulnerable.
ꢀ Appropriate text
ꢀ Barlman and Trey (2001) investigated the impact of viruses
in large organizations. They found that organizations are
vulnerable if individuals fail to keep virus definitions up to
date, as internal firewalls are rare.
ꢀ
ꢀ
words-and-ideas-others
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Quoting
Quoting
When should I quote?
Original
Accurate quoting
Plagiarism
ꢀ When language is particularly vivid or expressive.
ꢀ When exact wording is needed for technical accuracy.
Because of their unique
perspective, Americans
fear globalization less than reaction to globalization is different
Economist Lester Thurow (1993)
has asserted that the American
The American view of globalization
is unlike that of the rest of the
world. Because of their unique
perspective, Americans fear
globalization less than anyone
else, and therefore think about it
anyone else, and as a
consequence they think
about it less than anyone
else. When Americans do
think about globalization,
they think of the global
economy as an enlarged
version of the American
economy.
from that of the rest of the world in
that "American's fear globalization
less than anyone else, and as a
consequence . . . think about it less less than anyone else (Thurow,
than anyone else" (p. 6).
ꢀ When the words of an important authority lend weight to an
argument.
1993).
How do I show I am quoting?
Why is this accurate?
Why is this plagiarism?
ꢁ
ꢁ
ꢁ
The writer has introduced the quotation
with his/her own words.
S/he has also named the source in an
introduction phrase.
S/he has indicated where exact words of
the source begin and end by using
quotation marks.
ꢁ
The writer has identified the
source but has not put quotation
marks around the words.
ꢀ Name the source in an introductory phrase.
ꢀ Use quotation marks or indent long quotations.
(Source: Thurow, L.
ꢁ
Lack of quotationmarks allows the
readerto think the words are the
writer's,not Thurow's.
(1993). Fortune Favors the
Bold (p. 6). New York:
Harper Collins.)
ꢀ Cite the source appropriately.
ꢁ
(Complete Thurow reference appears in
bibliography)
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Paraphrase
Paraphrase - Example
ꢀ
ꢀ
Take the words of another source and restating them, using
your own vocabulary. In this way, you keep the meaning of the
original text, but do not copy its exact wording
What strategies can I use to paraphrase?
ꢀ Use synonyms for all words that are not generic. Words like
world, food, or science are so basic to our vocabulary that is
difficult to find a synonym.
ꢀ Change the structure of the sentence.
ꢀ Change the voice from active to passive and vice versa.
ꢀ Change clauses to phrases and vice versa.
ꢀ Change parts of speech.
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Paraphrase - Example
Paraphrase - Example
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Quote and paraphrase
Quote and paraphrase
ꢀ In January 2012, the World Health Organization published a set
ꢀ Quote only if the language is particularly
of recommendations for policy-makers regarding marketing food
expressive and/or adds weight to your argument.
and beverages to children. The report noted that “In Norway, the
Broadcasting Act bans advertising directed at children and
advertising in connection with children’s programming on
television and radio. The ban applies to the advertising of any
products, including food and beverages.” (p. 22)
ꢀ Good use of quotation:
After the Challenger disaster of 1986, it was learned that NASA
was so anxious to launch the shuttle that it had overlooked
certain safety measures. Nobel physicist Richard Feynman later
observed that "for a successful technology, reality must take
precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled"
(Feynman, 1986).ꢀ
Good use of paraphrasing
ꢀ In January 2012, the World Health Organization published a set
of recommendations for policy-makers regarding marketing food
and beverages to children. The report noted that the country of
Norway has enacted a law that prohibits all advertising to
Feynman's credentials and fine wording of his comment
deserve quotation here.
children, including advertisements for drinks or food. (p. 22)
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Summarising
Referencing
ꢀ A good summary:
ꢀ Identifies the writer of the original text.
ꢀ Synthesizes the writer’s key ideas.
ꢀ Presents the information neutrally.
GB_A9E
ꢀ Summarizing and paraphrasing are somewhat
different. A paraphrase is about the same length
as the original source, while a summary is much
shorter. Nevertheless, when you summarize, you
must be careful not to copy the exact
wording of the original source. Follow the same
rules as you would for paraphrase.
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Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation
Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (2)
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (Jenny Chan, Ngai Pun and Mark Selden,
Journal New Technology, Work and Employment in 2013.)
ꢀ 'Foxconn’s competitive advantage, the basis for
securing contracts with Apple and other brand-name
multinationals, hinges on its ability to maintain
flexibility. The mega factory has to reorganise its
production lines, staffing and logistics in a very short time
to be demand-responsive.’
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (Norhayati Zakaria, Andrea Amelinckx and
David Wilemon, published in 2004.)
ꢀ 'Information and communication technologies have been viewed
as an indispensable tool for multinational corporations that
choose to move beyond the geographic constraints of face-to-
face employee interactions and endeavor to build a virtual
workplace and/or use virtual teams as a new component of a
generally traditional work structure.’
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ Global companies are shifting from traditional ways of
communicating to communicating online, which has been
facilitated by technology (Zakaria, Amelinckx & Wilemon, 2004).
Such technology enables offshoring, leading to reductions in
operating costs.
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ For Foxconn, relationships with companies like Apple and
other brand-name multinationals hinges on its ability to
maintain flexibility (Chan, Pun & Selden, 2013).
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Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (3)
Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (4)
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (book by Effy Oz published in 2002.)
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (Journal article by Jenny Chan,
ꢀ
'Although Americans make up only 5 percent of the world's
population, they produce 30 percent of the paper the world
uses, and although Americans use more computers and
Internet links than any other nation, they still produce many
more tons of paper documents.’
Ngai Pun and Mark Selden published in 2013.)
ꢀ
'Apple, Foxconn and China’s workers are stakeholders in
high-tech production, but relations between them are
highly unequal.'
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ
Americans are world leaders in computer and Internet use, yet
their production of paper and paper documents relative to the
rest of the world remains far out of proportion to their
population (Oz, 2002, p.9).
ꢀ Chan, Pun and Selden (2013) describe the relationship
between Apple, Foxconn and China’s workers as
‘stakeholders in technologically advanced production
where relations between them are unequal’ (p.104).
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Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (5)
Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (6)
ꢀ
ORIGINAL TEXT (book by Naomi Klein published in 2000)
ꢀ 'These are extreme examples of how corporate sponsorship deals
re-engineer some of the fundamental values of public universities,
including financial transparency and the right to open debate and
peaceful protest on campus. But the subtle effects are equally
disturbing. Many professors speak of the slow encroachment of the
mall mentality, arguing that the more campuses act and look like
malls, the more students behave like consumers.’
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (book by Henninger published in 2003.)
ꢀ 'Search engines are tools for searching, in contrast to
directories that are browsing tools ... The major difference
between search engines and subject directories is the
way each is createdꢀ'
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ The primary difference between search engines and
subject directories is how they are created (Henninger,
2003, p.94).
ꢀ
STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ The fundamental values of universities are being changed by
corporate sponsorship that has both overt and more subtle effects.
Governments may need to intervene to protect the social mandate
of publicly funded higher education. (Klein, 2000)
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Example of Paraphrase, quote, and citation (7)
ꢀ ORIGINAL TEXT (From page 104 of a journal article by
Jenny Chan, Ngai Pun and Mark Selden published in 2013.)
ꢀ 'In 2012, the subtle shift in production requirements from iPhone
4S to iPhone 5 and the speedup to meet Apple’s delivery time
placed workers under intense pressure.’
ꢀ STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT – Good or not good?
ꢀ When the iPhone 5 was released in 2012, workers were under
significant pressure due to the demanding delivery schedule
and changes in the production requirements (Chan, Pun &
Selden, 2012).
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