Đổi mới sáng tạo của khu vực kinh tế tư nhân Việt Nam nhằm thích ứng với cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0
HỘI THẢO QUỐC TẾ: PHÁT TRIỂN
DOANH NGHIỆP NHỎ VÀ VỪA CỦA VIỆT NAM TRONG BỐI CẢNH CUỘC CÁCH MẠNG CÔNG NGHIỆP 4.0
CREATIVE INNOVATION SECTOR OF VIETNAMESE PRIVATE
ECONOMIC SECTOR TO ADAPT TO THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
Nguyen Manh Tuong and Nguyen Huy Cuong,
University of Finance and Business Administration
Abstract:
Vietnam's private sector plays a very important role in development, economic growth,
job creation and income generation for workers. However, under the impact of the 4.0
revolution, the private sector always requires constant innovation and creativity to compete and
integrate successfully internationally. Therefore, in the past, the private sector has gained many
important achievements such as increasing quantity and quality, scientific and technological
application, and increasing productivity. However, besides the achievements, the private sector
has encountered some limitations such as: There has been no strong technological innovation,
no technology transfer linkage, no strategy. science and technology transfer. In the coming time
to expand production and business, to compete strongly with other economic sectors, the private
sector needs to have strong innovation, cooperation and cooperation, especially it is necessary
to have active and practical support of State management agencies.
Key words: Innovation, private sector, industrial revolution 4.0
ĐỔI MỚI SÁNG TẠO CỦA KHU VỰC KINH TẾ TƢ NHÂN VIỆT NAM
NHẰM THÍCH ỨNG VỚI CUỘC CÁCH MẠNG CÔNG NGHIỆP 4.0
Tóm tắt:
Khu vực kinh tế tư nhân Việt Nam có vai trò rất quan trọng trong phát triển, tăng trưởng
kinh tế, tạo việc làm và nâng cao thu nhập cho người lao động. Tuy nhiên, dưới tác động của cuộc
cách mạng 4.0, đòi hỏi khu vực kinh tế tư nhân phải luôn luôn có sự đổi mới và sáng tạo không
ngừng để cạnh tranh và hội nhập quốc tế thành công. Chính vì vậy, trong thời qua khu vực kinh tế
tư nhân đã đạt được nhiều thành tựu quan trọng như số lượng và chất lượng ngày càng tăng, ứng
dụng khoa học công nghệ, năng suất gia tăng. Song bên cạnh những thành tựu, khu vực kinh tế tư
nhân thời gian qua còn gặp phải một số hạn chế như: Chưa có sự đổi mới mạnh mẽ về công nghệ,
chưa có sự liên kết chuyển giao công nghệ, chưa có chiến lược chuyển giao khoa học công nghệ.
Trong thời gian tới để mở rộng sản xuất kinh doanh, cạnh tranh mạnh mẽ với các khu vực kinh tế
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khác, khu vực kinh tế tư nhân cần có sự đổi mới mạnh mẽ, liên kết hợp tác với nhau, đặc biệt cần
có sự hỗ trợ tích cực và thiết thực của các cơ quan quản lý Nhà nước.
Từ khóa: Đổi mới sáng tạo, khu vực kinh tế tư nhân, cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0.
INTRODUCTION
Innovation always determines the survival of any economic sector, including the private
sector. In the current period, Vietnam's private sector has been more innovative than before, it is
that innovation that the private economy has been affirmed as an important motivation to
promote the development of the country's economy. Therefore, indispensable innovation of the
private sector will determine the strong development and international integration.
Currently, the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has contributed to promoting society to
modernity, modern society has changed faster than ever before, making the product life cycle
shorter, products born quickly but also quickly finished. end. The average life cycle of
businesses is also shorter if they cannot keep up with technological changes. Meanwhile,
competing with competitors around the globe with strong innovation and innovation requires
each private sector enterprise to have enough innovative methods, tools and systems. create.
Therefore, the innovation strategy is a premise to decide the strategy of market
expansion, merger and acquisition, expansion of operations, selection of strategic partners,
development of new products, and exploitation of products. Existing products, increasing the
value of existing products, designing new customer experiences ... affecting the overall strategy
of the entire organization and marketing strategies according to the characteristics of the
organization and the value platform it currently has. compared to market demand.
1. The concept and role of creation innovation
1.1. Creative innovation concept
Innovation is the improvement or creation of entirely new products, processes, services,
business models or organizational models, which are considered the main drivers of economic
growth. According to the OECD definition, innovation is "Implementing a new product or a
significant improvement (for a specific type of goods or service), a new process, marketing
method or a method. new organizational methods in business practices, workplace organization
or external relations". Therefore, it is possible to understand that innovation is carried out on
both technological and non-technological aspects.
In Vietnam, Article 3 of the Law on Science and Technology in 2013 affirms:
―Innovation is the creation, application of achievements, technical solutions, technologies and
management solutions to improve. socio-economic development efficiency, improving
productivity, quality and added value of products and goods ‖.
Innovative activities are conducted through many forms, including products, services,
production or business processes (for goods or services), organizational models and models.
business and social innovation (innovation is directed directly to specific social benefits).
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1.2. The role of innovation
Creativity innovation dominates economic growth, job growth and wage growth through
controlling productivity growth, the focus of all issues. Eliminate low-paying and low-
productivity jobs, while creating more profitable, higher-skilled and higher-paying jobs. In
addition, technology-intensive industries are more than average in terms of productivity and job
growth compared to industries that use less technology.
Moreover, the innovation activity brings significant social benefits, in addition to the
benefits that the innovator reaps. The researchers estimate that innovators absorb only 4% of the
social benefits from their innovations; The rest spread to other companies and spread to the
whole society.
Innovation achieves these significant effects mainly because it creates the ability to make
improvements in productivity, the core of economic growth, with the current wave of
productivity growth around the world. is being strongly affected by innovation in information
and communication technology. In fact, some economists have identified information and
communication technology as a "versatile technology" that plays an important role in innovation
and productivity.
Finally, innovation plays a central role in improving the quality of life of the people.
Innovation has and will continue to be indispensable to help societies tackle tough challenges
such as developing sustainable sources of food and energy, improving education, and responding
to change. climate, meeting the needs of an aging and growing population, moving billions out
of poverty and achieving global prosperity and sustainability.
2. Current status of innovation in Vietnam's private sector
2.1. Some achievements
2.1.1. The increase in quantity and quality
After more than 30 years of renovation, the private sector has been developing rapidly.
The private sector accounts for a large force with about 700,000 businesses and about 5.2 million
business households, 96% of small and micro enterprises, 2% of medium-sized enterprises and
2% of enterprises. great. Although using only 30% of business land, this area currently accounts
for over 51% of the country's labor force, contributing more than 40% of GDP and 30% of the
state budget, over 30% of total exports, 33 % of industrial output and over 90% of national
agricultural output.
From 2000 to 2017, the number of businesses (the private sector, accounting for 97%)
has increased more than 10 times, from nearly 42,300 enterprises in 2000 to 561,000 businesses
in 2017. The number of established businesses The annual growth rate also increased rapidly,
from nearly 14,500 enterprises / year (2000) to nearly 127,000 enterprises / year (2017).
Investment in the private sector in 2018 increased by 18.5% over the previous year,
accounting for 43.3% of total social investment. Also in 2018, the whole country had more than
131 thousand newly registered enterprises with a total registered capital of 1,478.1 trillion dongs,
an increase of 3.5% in enterprises and 14.1% in the registered capital. Compared to 2017, there
are 34,000 enterprises returning to operation. Notably, only in the first quarter of 2019, the
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whole country had more than 28,400 newly registered enterprises with a total registered capital
of VND 375.5 trillion, up 6.2% in volume and up 34.8%. Regarding the registered capital as
compared to the same period in 2018, this is the highest number of newly established enterprises
compared to the same period of the last 5 years.
The majority of private sector enterprises operate in the service sector. Similarly, the
proportion of non-agricultural individual business households operating in the field of commerce
and services accounts for a very large proportion, up to 81.2%, and the remaining 18.8% are in
the industrial sector. and build. The increase in the number of non-agricultural individual
business households is mainly in the field of trade and services, from over 2.86 million
households in 2007 to over 5.14 million households in 2017. The number of individual business
households in industry - construction maintained at a relatively stable number of approximately
900 thousand wholesale in the same period.
In the private sector, in recent years, there have been strong developments, a number of
large economic groups have been formed and operated effectively and demonstrated innovation
and adaptability to conditions. industrial revolution 4.0, such as Vingroup, FPT ... typically
among them is Vingroup with the establishment of a number of companies and research
institutes related to the 4.0 industrial revolution such as big data, human intelligence. create,
internet of things, ...
The innovation has brought to the Vietnamese private sector impressive business names
such as: In the early period of innovation, people mentioned Da Lan toothpaste, Biti's shoes,
water. My Hao washing dishes, Kinh Do cake ... nowadays, these are names like: Vietjet Air,
VinGroup, FPT, Hoa Phat, VP Bank, TH True Milk, Mobile World, Trung Nguyen ... The
growth of these private enterprises is the ones that have constantly innovated in their production
and business.
Therefore, innovation is a decisive factor for the development and growth of any
economic sector, especially the private sector.
2.1.2. Application of science and technology in production and business
In the current period, Vietnam's innovation index in 2018 was assessed by the World
Intellectual Property Organization by 2 ranks, ranked 45/126, the highest level ever, 61% of
Vietnamese believe that new technologies offer more opportunities than risks and 63% prefer to
complete tasks with engineering / technology whenever possible. Vietnam has access to world
science and technology and integrated into global value chains. Innovations become the main
driving force of economic growth, more broadly, enhancing the economy's advantages and
competitiveness.
The private sector has undergone positive changes thanks to the application: Digital
payment, virtual assistants, self-driving cars, smart agriculture ... among which is the young
start-up community with innovative and creative, with more than 3,000 Enterprises are now
mastering Vietnamese brand technology. In particular, the private sector has clearly shown its
potential to become a driving force for growth model innovation. In the period of 2016 - 2018,
the proportion of high-tech enterprises increased from 11.4% to 12.68%, while private
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enterprises increased from 96.5% to 97.7%. The proportion of labor in high-tech enterprises
increased from 13.81% to 18.12%; in private enterprises increased from 95.1% to 97.2%. The
proportion of turnover of high-tech enterprises increased from 27.05% to 40.11%; in private
enterprises increased from 86.3% to 92.4%.
2.1.3. Productivity, added value are increasingly improved
In the period of 2016 - 2018, the private sector has increasingly affirmed its important
role and position, contributed to economic growth, increased labor productivity, investment,
exports and contributions to the State Bank. books, job creation. Specifically, in 2018 it is
estimated to contribute 42.1% of GDP; The proportion of investment capital in the total
investment capital of the whole society is 43.27%; accounting for 25.3-26.3% of export turnover
34.7-34.8% of import turnover; budget contribution exceeds the FDI sector and far exceeds that
of state-owned enterprises.
Despite many achievements, in the period of 2016-2018, the domestic private sector still
developed slowly. The growth rate of added value in this area in 2016 was 5.51% and in 2017
was 6.23%, compared to the average in the period of 2011-2015, it increased by 6.61%, notably,
there was still an 11% turnover. Enterprises have not provided any knowledge and skills to
workers to cope with the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the rate of enterprises fully equipped with
knowledge and skills for workers is low from 2% to 4%.
2.2. Some limitations
2.2.1. Innovative ability is not strong yet
The number of private sector development has been well established but the capacity for
sustainability and effective development remains low. The increase in the number of private
sector has not been associated with a breakthrough in quality. Most of them are small and
medium-sized enterprises (accounting for 97%), with about 70% of the registered enterprises
having fewer than 10 employees and registered capital of less than VND 5 billion. With little
capital, it is outdated production technology, weak management, efficiency and weak
competitiveness, less investment in the manufacturing sector, the ability to link and participate in
value chains. limit. According to a survey, 85% of businesses are interested in the industrial
revolution, but more than 70% of businesses wonder what to do to accept and be ready in the
current context [4].
The private sector is considered to be an area of rapid adaptation to science and
technology, but a survey of about 2,000 enterprises that are members of the Hanoi Small and
Medium Enterprises Association, 55% of which believe that Industry 4.0 has a huge impact
on the Vietnamese economy, 23% say the impact is large, 11% average and only 10% say it
has no impact and the remaining 6% pay words of unknown [4]. However, 79% of
businesses said they have not prepared anything for the 4.0 industrial revolution. According
to the survey results published at the Vietnam High-Tech Information and Communications
Forum 2017, nearly 65% of businesses in Vietnam said they did not know what to prepare
before the industrial revolution. 4.0.
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Thus, it can be affirmed that Vietnam's private sector has not been creative in recent
years to improve productivity, product quality, strongly dominate the domestic and
international market.
2.2.2. Most private sector do not pay much attention to innovation
In fact, the private sector is dominated by small and micro enterprises, accounting for
95-96% of the total number of businesses, while the number of medium-sized enterprises is
only about 1.7%. The small and medium proportion of medium and large enterprises in the
private sector partly limits the results of innovation (Table 1).
Table 1: Share of enterprises in Vietnam's private sector
Enterprise
Number of businesses
Ratio (%)
1.3%
7.143
Big business
7.423
1.4%
Medium business
Small Business
Micro businesses
115.744
411.717
21.4%
75.9%
Source: General Statistics Office (2018)
Survey data shows that up to 82% of businesses are in the new position of entry, of which
61% are still on the sidelines and 21% of enterprises start to prepare for the first activities. The
average score is 0.53 points (at a 5-point level), which is equivalent to the first readiness level of
0 or no preparation yet (Table 2).
Table 2: Ranking of factors of "Production dynamics" of Vietnam and Asean countries
Singapores Malaysia Thailand Philippines Vietnam Indonesia Cambodia
6
23
41
59
90
61
83
Technology
and
creativity
2
1
21
7
53
20
66
69
70
13
55
61
86
79
Human
Resources
Trade
and
investment
1
30
60
51
49
76
69
53
87
69
94
100
90
Institutions
56
Sustainable
resources
14
17
28
45
39
15
75
Environment
Source: WEF Readiness for Future of Production Report 2018
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According to the 2017/2018 Global Competitiveness Report of the WEF, it ranked
Vietnam 55th globally for overall competitiveness, 84th for higher education and training, 79th
for public readiness. Technology, 84th innovation and sophistication in the operation of the
business. Regarding patents, Vietnam has only 0.02 patents per 100,000 people, compared to
0.12 in Thailand, 0.44 in China and 2.09 in South Korea. As such, Vietnam is assessed at a high
level but only created at the impact level and efficiency at medium or low level [1].
2.2.3. Lack of development strategies for innovation
The development strategy will determine the rise of the private sector, but most of the
private sector are small and medium-sized enterprises, lacking the strategy of developing science
and technology application and production. businesses like approaching the 4 pillars, in which
the Pillars with the most important role (Strategy and Organization, Smart Products) are also the
pillars with the lowest accessibility level.
Survey results show that up to 81.3% of enterprises do not have a strategy to approach
the industrial revolution 4.0, with a readiness of 0.14. A similar percentage (79% of enterprises)
in a survey of 2,000 enterprises conducted by the Association of Small and Medium Enterprises
in Hanoi said that they were not prepared for the 4.0 industrial revolution. Or in the 2017 KPMG
assessment of the Changing Awareness Index, Vietnam is also standing in a very modest
position: 81/136 countries and 6/10 among ASEAN countries [4].
Regarding the issue of investment, according to the results of CIEM 2015, ILSSA,
UNIWIDER 2015 survey of about 2,500 small and medium-sized enterprises nationwide, only
3% of small and medium-sized enterprises invested in research. research, development, improve
human capital, invent and invest in other businesses. This low level of investment reflects the
fact that a large proportion of small and medium-sized businesses do not devote a great deal of
resources to preparing for innovation [4].
Regarding creative management, the survey results of CIEM, ILSSA & UNU-WIDER
(2015) also show that up to 63% of small and medium enterprises are business households. In
the near future, traditional business models may be replaced by new economic models that share
with creative management, such as Uber, Grab, transportation services. shared airbnb housing
services ...
Regarding the pillar of smart factory, the fact shows that the majority of businesses,
especially small and medium-sized enterprises, have not invested much in workshops. The
application of digitization, energy-saving management devices, cooling and factory automation
is not common among small and medium-sized enterprises even for enterprises in the field of
processing and manufacturing. The main weakness of businesses today in the development of
smart factories is the lack of required device connectivity in the future, the application of digital
models and the control and connectivity features. Equipment is currently low.
About pillar of smart operation with 05 components (D1 (information sharing), D2
(automation), D3 (autonomy process), D4 (information security) and D5 (using cloud software
cloud)) is appreciated by the world. However, according to a recent statistics of the Ministry of
Science and Technology (MOIT 2015), most Vietnamese small and medium enterprises use
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outdated technology compared to the world average of 2-3 generations. . Statistics show that
76% of imported machinery and technology lines belong to the 60 and 70 generation of the last
century, 75% of equipment has been depreciated. White paper on small and medium enterprises
(MPI 2014).
Regarding the pillar of smart products, this is also the most advantageous Vietnamese
enterprise component due to the rapid development of e-commerce in Vietnam. According to the
Report on e-commerce development (VECITA 2017), Vietnam's retail e-commerce sales in 2016
reached about US $ 5 billion and is expected to maintain an average growth rate of about 20 % /
year, reaching US $ 10 billion by 2020, accounting for 5% of total retail sales of consumer goods
and services nationwide.
On the backbone of data-based services, Vietnamese businesses are at the beginning (1) of
the process of exploiting data-based services. There have been a handful of pioneering enterprises in
the fields of retail and information technology, especially small and medium-sized enterprises that do
not have enough resources to collect and process information collected after sales. .
Regarding the pillar of personnel, according to the overall assessment, Vietnamese
enterprises are also at the beginning level (1) of this component. Many businesses still tend to
use manual labor to replace machines. The change to a new, digitized process may lead to a
reduction in labor instead of costly and inefficient labor training. In businesses, especially small
and medium-sized enterprises that have e-commerce applications, the shortage of human
resources specialized in information technology is common. 66% of enterprises do not have full-
time information technology-e-commerce officials and 31% of enterprises have difficulty
recruiting information technology-e-commerce personnel (VECITA 2017).
Most private sector in Vietnam has little investment in developing high quality human
resources. Therefore, the application of science - technology, application of advanced
technology, modern management is still weak. The enterprise may be small but strong and
effective on an advanced technology platform different from a small, fragmented, uncompetitive
enterprise, based on advantages of land, resources and cheap labor.
2.3. The cause of the limitations
2.3.1. For regulatory agencies of the state
In addition to the direct cause of the enterprise itself, the indirect cause from the State
also has a significant impact on the development of Vietnam's private sector, which is the
business environment whose core point is is the lack of transparency. The situation of taking
advantage of regulations, business restrictions, and "sharing" management is very serious.
Besides the tax policy, though not high but traditional costs are very large. Administrative
expenses are up to 35% - 40%, including taxes and fees in many places up to 50%. Therefore,
reform of administrative procedures and favorable business environment are essential for the
development of Vietnam's private sector.
Another cause is that our policies are not stable, change constantly, become unpredictable
and create institutional risks. And these policies are often in favor of large enterprises and
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foreign direct investment (FDI) enterprises, not really paying enough attention to the private
sector, small and medium enterprises and household business.
2.3.2. For facilities of the private sector
The level of organization of production and business of most of the private sector is very
low, many businesses are at a low level, small-scale can manage but when expanding production
with scale Larger, multidisciplinary, corporate-type businesses have come to ruin. The reason is
that the level, capacity, organizational skills, corporate governance are poor, arbitrary according
to family type but not based on advanced, modern management platform, application of
information technology and digital technology. , not based on the provisions of law but tend to
"snatch", to follow tastes, crowd effect and even rely on officials, interest groups in the
mechanism of "ask - give" to develop . Besides, the private sector still lacks cohesion,
cooperation, unfair competition, not to mention a part of illegal and non-transparent business.
3. Solutions to promote innovation of the private sector in the coming time
3.1. For agencies in charge of state management
Firstly, it is necessary to create a boom in administrative procedure reform: Clearly state
what people are entitled to do business; be free to register their business; The registration
procedure is only one door and does not need to be distinguished from having a license to do
business.
Secondly, information technology should be applied to management so that the inspection
must follow common standards, not just the subjective nature of the manager. Using test results
that are interconnected, clearly announce test results; when detected wrongly promptly handled
strictly.
Thirdly, it is necessary to have a stable policy, especially tax fee policy and credit policy.
Create an environment to access loans but follow the market.
Fourthly, support for information and training, helping private enterprises to have full
information on business careers and information related to their fields. Organize training for
entrepreneurs on how to manage. Support training of skilled workers in real working
environment at enterprises, in vocational schools.
Fifthly, encourage the transfer of technology, science and technology and build the model
of linking small and medium-sized enterprises with big enterprises and corporations.
3.2. For entities of the private sector
Firstly, domestic private enterprises need to be well prepared and must start right from
infrastructure to information technology applications suitable to their conditions. Paying
attention to the process of digitizing and digitizing important business and production activities
of the enterprise, creating a connected, secure and safe environment, thereby applying intelligent
and convenient applications. more useful of IoT, Cloud, Robot.
Secondly, improve the quality of products and services, increase competitiveness and the
ability to participate in the value chain. It is necessary to recognize the important role of
technological innovation in improving the productivity and quality of goods and services as well
as the competitiveness of enterprises.
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Thirdly, economic groups, including private economic corporations in the field of
information technology need to strengthen cooperation and support domestic enterprises,
especially small and medium-sized enterprises. quick change to meet the requirements of
production and business under conditions of industrial revolution 4.0.
Fourth, promote the implementation of the national strategy on human resource
development. Improving the quality of education and training, especially vocational training,
training high quality human resources to meet the quantity and quality needs of the private sector
for economic development. Strengthen cooperation and close links between enterprises and
training institutions. Developing training according to the needs of businesses and markets.
Fifth, focus on training, fostering and developing a contingent of highly qualified
business people, modern management skills, business ethics and high sense of responsibility.
Conclusion
Innovation is considered a decisive factor for the economy in general and Vietnam's
private sector in particular, businesses that want to succeed must endeavor to innovate. The
private sector has been active in innovation, especially large corporations such as FPT,
Vingroup, TH, FLC ... to build Vietnamese-branded goods, step by step affirmed. specified in
domestic and international markets. However, the private sector still has many limitations such
as: Mostly small and medium enterprises, business households ... have not been proactive and
actively innovated to produce good and quality products. High, cheap. Therefore, the private
sector in the future needs to promote the application of science and technology in production and
business to create new products to meet the current integration requirements.
References
1. Le Duy Binh (2018), Vietnam's private economy is productive and prosperous.
2. Associate professor. Doctor. Tran Thi Van Hoa (chief editor) (2018), Industrial Revolution 4.0
issues for socio-economic development and international integration in Vietnam, True
National Political Publishing House, Hanoi.
3. Doctor. Ninh Thị Minh Tâm - Master. Le Ngu Binh (2017), Business performance of small
and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam today, National Political Publishing House truth,
Hanoi.
4. Central Institute for Economic Management (2018), Developing the private economy and
restructuring the economy in the context of Industrial Revolution 4.0.
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