Bài giảng Organic chemistry - Chapter 11: Aldehydes ketone - Phan Nam
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Dr Nam T. S. Phan
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
HCMC University of Technology
Office: room 211, B2 Building
Phone: 38647256 ext. 5681
Email: [email protected].vn
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Chapter 11: ALDEHYDES-KETONES
C=O
C=C
SP2 carbon
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES
Common names: carboxylic acid Æ “aldehyde”
is substituted for “ic acid”
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IUPAC names: hydrocarbon + al
Lower priority than ester Æ “oxo” group
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NOMENCLATURE OF KETONES
Derived names: alkyls + ketone
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IUPAC names: hydrocarbon + one
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PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES &
KETONES
Aldehydes & ketones from alkenes
In the presence of an oxidizing agent, the products
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will be ketones / carboxylic acids
Aldehydes & ketones from alkynes
Markovnikov’s rule
Anti-Markovnikov
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Aldehydes & ketones from alcohols
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Can NOT be isolated
PCC: pyridinium chlorochromate
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Aldehydes from esters, acyl chlorides
Note: LiAlH4 Æ alcohols
Preparation of aromatic ketones
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Gatterman-Koch synthesis of benzaldehyde
Can NOT be
prepared &
isolated
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REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES &
KETONES I
The partial positive
carbon can be attacked
by nucleophiles
The addition of nucleophiles to the carbon
atom of the carbonyl group in nucleophilic
addition reactions
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Reactions with Grignard reagents
Only for the reaction of HCHO
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Numbers 1 & 2 are used to indicate that the acid is not added
until the reaction with the Grignard reagent is complete
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Reactions with acetylide ions
Weak acid, will NOT react with the triple bond
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Reactions with hydrogen cyanide
Converted back to carbonyl in basic solutions
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Nitriles Æ carboxylic acids
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Nitriles Æ amines
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